Immunotherapy with a*01 restricted peptides and combination of peptides against cancers and related methods

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present invention relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present invention furthermore relates to tumor-associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/732,863, filed on 18 Sep. 2018 and German Application No. 10 2018 122 900.3, filed on 18 Sep. 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

This application is related to International Application No. PCT/EP2019/075065, filed 18 Sep. 2019.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED AS A COMPLIANT ASCII TEXT FILE (.txt)

Pursuant to the EFS-Web legal framework and 37 CFR §§ 1.821-825 (see MPEP § 2442.03(a)), a Sequence Listing in the form of an ASCII-compliant text file (entitled “Sequence_Listing_2912919-099001_ST25.txt” created on 18 Sep. 2019, and 68,204 bytes in size) is submitted concurrently with the instant application, and the entire contents of the Sequence Listing are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND Field

The present invention relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present invention relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present invention furthermore relates to tumor-associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules.

The present invention relates to several novel peptide sequences and their variants derived from HLA class I molecules of human tumor cells that can be used in vaccine compositions for eliciting anti-tumor immune responses, or as targets for the development of pharmaceutically/immunologically active compounds and cells.

Description of Related Art

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer ranged among the four major non-communicable deadly diseases worldwide in 2012. For the same year, colorectal cancer, breast cancer and respiratory tract cancers were listed within the top 10 causes of death in high income countries.

Epidemiology

In 2012, 14.1 million new cancer cases, 32.6 million patients suffering from cancer (within 5 years of diagnosis) and 8.2 million cancer deaths were estimated worldwide (Bray et al., 2013; Ferlay et al., 2013).

Within the groups of brain cancer, leukemia and lung cancer the current invention specifically focuses on glioblastoma (GBM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non-small cell and small cell lung cancer (NSCLC and SCLC), respectively.

GBM is the most common central nervous system malignancy with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 3.19 per 100,000 inhabitants within the United States. GBM has a very poor prognosis with a 1-year survival rate of 35% and a 5-year survival rate lower than 5%. Male gender, older age and ethnicity appear to be risk factors for GBM (Thakkar et al., 2014).

CLL is the most common leukemia in the Western world where it comprises about one third of all leukemia. Incidence rates are similar in the US and Europe, and estimated new cases are about 16,000 per year. CLL is more common in Caucasians than in Africans, rarer in Hispanics and Native Americans and seldom in Asians. In people of Asian origin, CLL incidence rates are 3-fold lower than in Caucasians (Gunawardana et al., 2008). The five-year overall survival for patients with CLL is about 79%.

AML is the second most common type of leukemia diagnosed in both adults and children. Estimated new cases in the United States are about 21,000 per year. The five-year survival rate of people with AML is approximately 25%.

Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide and the leading cause of death from cancer in many countries. Lung cancer is subdivided into small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. NSCLC includes the histological types adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma and accounts for 85% of all lung cancers in the United States. The incidence of NSCLC is closely correlated with smoking prevalence, including current and former smokers and the five-year survival rate was reported to be 15% (Molina et al., 2008; World Cancer Report, 2014).

Considering the severe side-effects and expense associated with treating cancer, there is a need to identify factors that can be used in the treatment of cancer in general and acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer in particular. There is also a need to identify factors representing biomarkers for cancer in general and acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer in particular, leading to better diagnosis of cancer, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of treatment success for people with the A*01 allele.

Immunotherapy of cancer represents an option of specific targeting of cancer cells while minimizing side effects. Cancer immunotherapy makes use of the existence of tumor associated antigens.

The current classification of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) comprises the following major groups:

a) Cancer-testis antigens: The first TAAs ever identified that can be recognized by T cells belong to this class, which was originally called cancer-testis (CT) antigens because of the expression of its members in histologically different human tumors and, among normal tissues, only in spermatocytes/spermatogonia of testis and, occasionally, in placenta. Since the cells of testis do not express class I and II HLA molecules, these antigens cannot be recognized by T cells in normal tissues and can therefore be considered as immunologically tumor-specific. Well-known examples for CT antigens are the MAGE family members and NY-ESO-1.

b) Differentiation antigens: These TAAs are shared between tumors and the normal tissue from which the tumor arose. Most of the known differentiation antigens are found in melanomas and normal melanocytes. Many of these melanocyte lineage-related proteins are involved in biosynthesis of melanin and are therefore not tumor specific but nevertheless are widely used for cancer immunotherapy. Examples include, but are not limited to, tyrosinase and Melan-A/MART-1 for melanoma or PSA for prostate cancer.

c) Over-expressed TAAs: Genes encoding widely expressed TAAs have been detected in histologically different types of tumors as well as in many normal tissues, generally with lower expression levels. It is possible that many of the epitopes processed and potentially presented by normal tissues are below the threshold level for T-cell recognition, while their over-expression in tumor cells can trigger an anticancer response by breaking previously established tolerance. Prominent examples for this class of TAAs are Her-2/neu, survivin, telomerase, or WT1.

d) Tumor-specific antigens: These unique TAAs arise from mutations of normal genes (such as β-catenin, CDK4, etc.). Some of these molecular changes are associated with neoplastic transformation and/or progression. Tumor-specific antigens are generally able to induce strong immune responses without bearing the risk for autoimmune reactions against normal tissues. On the other hand, these TAAs are in most cases only relevant to the exact tumor on which they were identified and are usually not shared between many individual tumors. Tumor-specificity (or -association) of a peptide may also arise if the peptide originates from a tumor-(-associated) exon in case of proteins with tumor-specific (-associated) isoforms.

e) TAAs arising from abnormal post-translational modifications: Such TAAs may arise from proteins which are neither specific nor overexpressed in tumors but nevertheless become tumor associated by posttranslational processes primarily active in tumors. Examples for this class arise from altered glycosylation patterns leading to novel epitopes in tumors as for MUC1 or events like protein splicing during degradation which may or may not be tumor specific.

f) Oncoviral proteins: These TAAs are viral proteins that may play a critical role in the oncogenic process and, because they are foreign (not of human origin), they can evoke a T-cell response. Examples of such proteins are the human papilloma type 16 virus proteins, E6 and E7, which are expressed in cervical carcinoma.

T-cell based immunotherapy targets peptide epitopes derived from tumor-associated or tumor-specific proteins, which are presented by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The antigens that are recognized by the tumor specific T lymphocytes, that is, the epitopes thereof, can be molecules derived from all protein classes, such as enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, etc. which are expressed and, as compared to unaltered cells of the same origin, usually up-regulated in cells of the respective tumor.

There are two classes of MHC-molecules, MHC class I and MHC class II. MHC class I molecules are composed of an alpha heavy chain and beta-2-microglobulin, MHC class II molecules of an alpha and a beta chain. Their three-dimensional conformation results in a binding groove, which is used for non-covalent interaction with peptides.

MHC class I molecules can be found on most nucleated cells. They present peptides that result from proteolytic cleavage of predominantly endogenous proteins, defective ribosomal products (DRIPs) and larger peptides. However, peptides derived from endosomal compartments or exogenous sources are also frequently found on MHC class I molecules. This non-classical way of class I presentation is referred to as cross-presentation in the literature (Brossart and Bevan, 1997; Rock et al., 1990). MHC class II molecules can be found predominantly on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), and primarily present peptides of exogenous or transmembrane proteins that are taken up by APCs e.g. during endocytosis and are subsequently processed.

Complexes of peptide and MHC class I are recognized by CD8-positive T cells bearing the appropriate T-cell receptor (TCR), whereas complexes of peptide and MHC class II molecules are recognized by CD4-positive-helper-T cells bearing the appropriate TCR. It is well known that the TCR, the peptide and the MHC are thereby present in a stoichiometric amount of 1:1:1.

CD4-positive helper T cells play an important role in inducing and sustaining effective responses by CD8-positive cytotoxic T cells. The identification of CD4-positive T-cell epitopes derived from tumor associated antigens (TAA) is of great importance for the development of pharmaceutical products for triggering anti-tumor immune responses (Gnjatic et al., 2003). At the tumor site, T helper cells, support a cytotoxic T cell-(CTL-) friendly cytokine milieu (Mortara et al., 2006) and attract effector cells, e.g. CTLs, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and granulocytes (Hwang et al., 2007).

In the absence of inflammation, expression of MHC class II molecules is mainly restricted to cells of the immune system, especially professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived cells, macrophages, dendritic cells. In cancer patients, cells of the tumor have been found to express MHC class II molecules (Dengjel et al., 2006).

Longer (elongated) peptides of the invention can act as MHC class II active epitopes.

T-helper cells, activated by MHC class II epitopes, play an important role in orchestrating the effector function of CTLs in anti-tumor immunity. T-helper cell epitopes that trigger a T-helper cell response of the TH1 type support effector functions of CD8-positive killer T cells, which include cytotoxic functions directed against tumor cells displaying tumor-associated peptide/MHC complexes on their cell surfaces. In this way tumor-associated T-helper cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides, can serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses.

It was shown in mammalian animal models, e.g., mice, that even in the absence of CD8-positive T lymphocytes, CD4-positive T cells are sufficient for inhibiting manifestation of tumors via inhibition of angiogenesis by secretion of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) (Beatty and Paterson, 2001; Mumberg et al., 1999). There is evidence for CD4 T cells as direct anti-tumor effectors (Braumuller et al., 2013; Tran et al., 2014).

Since the constitutive expression of HLA class II molecules is usually limited to immune cells, the possibility of isolating class II peptides directly from primary tumors was previously not considered possible. However, Dengjel et al. were successful in identifying a number of MHC Class II epitopes directly from tumors (WO 2007/028574, EP 1 760 088 B1).

Since both types of response, CD8 and CD4 dependent, contribute jointly and synergistically to the anti-tumor effect, the identification and characterization of tumor-associated antigens recognized by either CD8+ T cells (ligand: MHC class I molecule+peptide epitope) or by CD4-positive T-helper cells (ligand: MHC class II molecule+peptide epitope) is important in the development of tumor vaccines.

For an MHC class I peptide to trigger (elicit) a cellular immune response, it also must bind to an MHC-molecule. This process is dependent on the allele of the MHC-molecule and specific polymorphisms of the amino acid sequence of the peptide. MHC-class-1-binding peptides are usually 8-12 amino acid residues in length and usually contain two conserved residues (“anchors”) in their sequence that interact with the corresponding binding groove of the MHC-molecule. In this way each MHC allele has a “binding motif” determining which peptides can bind specifically to the binding groove.

In the MHC class I dependent immune reaction, peptides not only have to be able to bind to certain MHC class I molecules expressed by tumor cells, they subsequently also have to be recognized by T cells bearing specific T cell receptors (TCR).

For proteins to be recognized by T-lymphocytes as tumor-specific or -associated antigens, and to be used in a therapy, particular prerequisites must be fulfilled. The antigen should be expressed mainly by tumor cells and not, or in comparably small amounts, by normal healthy tissues. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide should be over-presented by tumor cells as compared to normal healthy tissues. It is furthermore desirable that the respective antigen is not only present in a type of tumor, but also in high concentrations (i.e. copy numbers of the respective peptide per cell). Tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens are often derived from proteins directly involved in transformation of a normal cell to a tumor cell due to their function, e.g. in cell cycle control or suppression of apoptosis. Additionally, downstream targets of the proteins directly causative for a transformation may be up-regulated and thus may be indirectly tumor-associated.

Such indirect tumor-associated antigens may also be targets of a vaccination approach (Singh-Jasuja et al., 2004). It is essential that epitopes are present in the amino acid sequence of the antigen, in order to ensure that such a peptide (“immunogenic peptide”), being derived from a tumor associated antigen, leads to an in vitro or in vivo T-cell-response.

Basically, any peptide able to bind an MHC molecule may function as a T-cell epitope. A prerequisite for the induction of an in vitro or in vivo T-cell-response is the presence of a T cell having a corresponding TCR and the absence of immunological tolerance for this particular epitope.

Therefore, TAAs are a starting point for the development of a T cell-based therapy including but not limited to tumor vaccines. The methods for identifying and characterizing the TAAs are usually based on the use of T-cells that can be isolated from patients or healthy subjects, or they are based on the generation of differential transcription profiles or differential peptide expression patterns between tumors and normal tissues. However, the identification of genes over-expressed in tumor tissues or human tumor cell lines, or selectively expressed in such tissues or cell lines, does not provide precise information as to the use of the antigens being transcribed from these genes in an immune therapy. This is because only an individual subpopulation of epitopes of these antigens are suitable for such an application since a T cell with a corresponding TCR has to be present and the immunological tolerance for this particular epitope needs to be absent or minimal. In a very preferred embodiment of the invention it is therefore important to select only those over- or selectively presented peptides against which a functional and/or a proliferating T cell can be found. Such a functional T cell is defined as a T cell, which upon stimulation with a specific antigen can be clonally expanded and is able to execute effector functions (“effector T cell”).

In case of targeting peptide-MHC by specific TCRs (e.g. soluble TCRs) and antibodies or other binding molecules (scaffolds) according to the invention, the immunogenicity of the underlying peptides is secondary. In these cases, the presentation is the determining factor.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the present invention, the present invention relates to a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398 or a variant sequence thereof which is at least 77%, preferably at least 88%, homologous (preferably at least 77% or at least 88% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398, wherein said variant binds to MHC and/or induces T cells cross-reacting with said peptide, or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein said peptide is not the underlying full-length polypeptide.

The present invention further relates to a peptide of the present invention comprising a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398 or a variant thereof, which is at least 77%, preferably at least 88%, homologous (preferably at least 77% or at least 88% identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398, wherein said peptide or variant thereof has an overall length of between 8 and 100, preferably between 8 and 30, and most preferred of between 8 and 14 amino acids.

The following tables show the peptides according to the present invention, their respective SEQ ID NOs, and the prospective source (underlying) genes for these peptides. In Table 1, peptides with SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 385 bind to HLA-A*01. The peptides in Table have been disclosed before in large listings as results of high-throughput screenings with high error rates or calculated using algorithms but have not been associated with cancer at all before. In Table 2, peptides with SEQ ID NO: 386 to SEQ ID NO: 398 bind to HLA-A*01. The peptides in Table are additional peptides that may be useful in combination with the other peptides of the invention. In Table 3, peptides with SEQ ID NO: 399 to SEQ ID NO: 431 bind to HLA-A*01.

TABLE 1 Peptides according to the present invention. SEQ HLA ID allo- No. Sequence Gene(s) type 1 TLDSTRTLY TRPM8 A*01 2 VDPIGHLY MAGEA3 A*01 3 FGTTPAAEYF SLC6A3 A*01 4 RIEAIRAEY TRIM51, TRIM51EP, TRIM51GP, A*01 TRIM51HP 5 FMVIAGMPLFY SLC6A3 A*01 6 ARDPITFSF UMODL1 A*01 7 ASDDVRIEVGL UMODL1 A*01 Y 8 TSRAANIPGY C7orf72 A*01 9 QLDSTLDSY CYP4Z1, CYP4Z2P A*01 10 VSERTGISY ITIH6 A*01 11 ASDHWRGRY SLC45A3 A*01 12 YTDFVGEGLY SLC45A3 A*01 13 NTHTGTRPY CTCFL A*01 14 QSEKEPGQQY RHOXF2, RHOXF2B A*01 15 YLDSSKPAVY ESR1 A*01 16 NSDISIPEY SCGB2A1 A*01 17 ASWAVLCYY ANO7 A*01 18 RSDPVSLRY COL20A1 A*01 19 LTEGHSGNY FCRL5 A*01 20 LSAQHRMLA EML6 A*01 21 LSSAVNPIIY NMUR2 A*01 22 VMDTLGLFY TRPM8 A*01 23 DTDPLKAAGL 50X14 A*01 24 NLDHYTNAY GLYATL3 A*01 25 AMMQEAQLAY SOX1 A*01 26 ASDDFRSKY KRT34, LOC100653049 A*01 27 PSEVPVDSHY LOXL4 A*01 28 PSEVPVDSHYY LOXL4 A*01 29 TLEDLDNLYNY EPYC A*01 30 VTTDKPRAY ITIH6 A*01 31 VSDHLQAGML HEPHL1 A*01 GQY 32 GTDKQNSTLRY HMCN1 A*01 33 SMDPVTGYQY PAX3 A*01 34 SSWSAGENDS HRNR A*01 Y 35 SWSAGENDSY HRNR A*01 S 36 MTSTEQSLY GREB1 A*01 37 MTSTEQSLYY GREB1 A*01 38 KSWSQSSSLM F5 A*01 Y 39 WSQSSSLMY F5 A*01 40 TSDQLGYSY DCT A*01 41 HSDLLEDSKY NAT1 A*01 42 ASDVDTLLK PTPRZ1 A*01 43 ETEPERHLGSY NKX3-1 A*01 44 IPSFNEMVY PTPRZ1 A*01 45 NLDPNKIY STK31 A*01 46 RSDPGGGGLA MEX3B A*01 YAAY 47 WSDGVPLLY BCAN A*01 48 FTTQDELLVY SEMG2 A*01 49 GSFSIQHTY SEMG2 A*01 50 ITDEDEDMLSY TSPY1, TSPY10, TSPY2, TSPY3, A*01 TSPY4, TSPY8, TSPY9P 51 STEERRLNY SEMG2 A*01 52 TTQDELLVY SEMG2 A*01 53 YLEDRPLSQLY LOXL4 A*01 54 EVDIHTIHY HEPHL1 A*01 55 ATEGDVLNY COL19A1 A*01 56 VTEYAEEIYQY CCNA1 A*01 57 ASDPASSTSCY CYP1A1 A*01 58 YLENSASWY DLX5 A*01 59 FTDSQGNDIK SLC45A2 A*01 60 MTEKFLFLY ERVV-1, ERVV-2 A*01 61 SSDIVALGGFL KLHDC7B A*01 Y 62 VSELVTTGHY VCAN A*01 63 TSEISQNALMY ROS1 A*01 64 TSEISQNALMY ROS1 A*01 Y 65 SSDFDPLVY RNF43, SUPT4H1 A*01 66 IATVIQLFY HAS2, HAS3 A*01 67 NVDQNQNSY HMCN1 A*01 68 QSLPEFGLTY FERMT1 A*01 69 QSLPEFGLTYY FERMT1 A*01 70 YTELVEEKY CAPN6 A*01 71 LTDSTTRTTY MUC3A A*01 72 VTDSTTKIAY LOC101060740 A*01 73 STDSASYY APOB A*01 74 EMEQQSQEY KRT13, KRT16 A*01 75 FTDYELKAY ABCB11 A*01 76 QTDVERIKDTY LAMA3 A*01 77 FTSDTGLEY DNMT3B A*01 78 QLDSAVKNLY ZNF215 A*01 79 ASDLEPRELLS PCDHGB1 A*01 Y 80 ELCPLPGTSAY FBN3 A*01 81 YSDLHTPGRY PTCHD4 A*01 82 LTEKSHIRY C8orf48 A*01 83 DTEFHGGLHY L0C100124692 A*01 84 ESEMIKFASYY ABCB11 A*01 85 SSDNYEHWLY SFMBT1 A*01 86 VDPASNTY MAGEA4 A*01 87 AFDDIATYF SSX1 A*01/ C*04 88 KEVDPAGHSYI MAGEA8, MAGEA9, MAGEA9B A*01/ B*49 89 EVYDGREHSA MAGEA1 A*01/ Y A*25 90 YEDHFPLLF MAGEA10 A*01/ B*18 91 CLVLVIVLLY SLC6A3 A*01 92 TTDDTTAMASA MAGEA10 A*01 S 93 HLKILSPIY UMODL1 A*01 94 KPSAVKDSIY MMP26 A*01/ A*26 95 SSDPKAVMF MMP12 A*01/ C*05 96 TATLLIVRY UMODL1 A*01 97 FPAPPAHWFY CYP4Z1,CYP4Z2P A*01 98 NFSDLVFTY SOX11 A*01/ A*29 99 AADSNPSEL RLN1 A*01/ C*05 100 TTSSAISWILY CYP4Z1 A*01 101 SITDVDFIY DNAH8 A*01 102 STIRGELFF MMP11 A*01/ B*57 103 ITDTLIHLM ESR1 A*01/ C*05 104 ITDTLIHL ESR1 A*01/ C*05 105 VVFDKSDLAKY SLC45A3 A*01/ A*29 106 EVVEGKEWGS NPSR1 A*01/ FY A*26 107 TTENSGNYY FCRL5 A*01 108 NSNLKFLEV NLRP7 A*01 109 ISEDKSISF LOC100996718, OR9G1, OR9G9 A*01/ B*15 110 IGDKVDAVY MMP13 A*01 111 TPIPFDKILY COL10A1 A*01/ B*35 112 KASSVSAEDGY TTC6 A*01/ B*57 113 ASCRSSAEY LAMC2 A*01 114 AVAAAAGASLY MSX1 A*01 115 NEIDIHSIYFY HEPHL1 A*01/ B*18 116 RSDIGEFEW FAM111B A*01/ B*58 117 SPAKQFNIY FAM111B A*01/ B*35 118 LTWAHSAKY LOXL4 A*01 119 TVFDENLSRY HEPHL1 A*01/ C*12 120 LVDENQSWY HEPHL1 A*01 121 SADEAHGLL NFE2L3 A*01/ C*05 122 ISEAPLTEV SLC45A2 A*01/ C*08 123 LLKAKDILY ACSM1 A*01 124 FLKVTGYDKDD HMCN1 A*01 Y 125 FQYELRELY HMCN1 A*01/ B*15 126 TTDPKKFQY HMCN1 A*01 127 VPFNLITEY SLC45A2 A*01/ B*35 128 YTEFVDATFTK HEPHL1 A*01 129 STIDFRAGF HMCN1 A*01/ B*57 130 YIGLKGLYF SLC45A2 A*01/ A*23 131 LEDGIEQSAY G2E3 A*01 132 RTHIGYKVY HMCN1 A*01 133 ITDVGPGNY LOXL4 A*01 134 SAPSSSGSPLY T A*01 135 TFDKQIVLL F5 A*01/ C*04 136 RRLNFSGFGY ASCL1 A*01/ B*27 137 EAYLERIGY NAT1, NAT2 A*01/ B*15 138 IPVHDSVGVTY PTPRZ1 A*01/ B*35 139 PVHDSVGVTY PTPRZ1 A*01 140 SQHIFTVSY PTPRZ1 A*01/ B*15 141 DAVAPGREY F5 A*01/ B*35 142 IEKFAVLY PTPRZ1 A*01/ B*18 143 HVSGQMLYF PGR A*01/ A*29 144 RTIEGDFLW BCAN A*01/ A*32 145 LSDAVHVEF FCRL3 A*01/ C*05 146 LCATVCGTEQY MMP16 A*01 147 AQVQDTGRY HMCN1 A*01 148 GTKQWVHARY FCER2 A*01/ A*30 149 PIMSSSQALY HMCN1 A*01 150 FTTLSDLQTNM MEIOB A*01 A 151 YEVDTKLLSL MEIOB A*01 152 YLEDRPLSQ LOXL4 A*01 153 HSIEVFTHY LOXL4 A*01 154 SIEVFTHY LOXL4 A*01 155 HTMEVTVY PMEL A*01/ B*15 156 STALSILLL BCAN A*01 157 GLIEVVTGY IGF1R A*01/ B*15 158 EVTDRNMLAF TRPS1 A*01/ A*25 159 RQAPGPARDY KRT13, KRT17 A*01/ B*15 160 EVLGEEMYAY LOC101060117, TTC6 A*01 161 EAAPDIMHY GREB1 A*01/ B*35 162 IADNPQLSFY ABCC11 A*01 163 KIRAEVLSHY RALGPS2 A*01/ A*30 164 KLAGTVFQY ADAMTS12 A*01 165 VSVYNSYPY NKX3-1 A*01 166 YHRICELLSDY POTEE, POTEF A*01 167 RAVQPGETY F5 A*01/ B*15 168 VQPGETYTY F5 A*01/ B*35 169 TVDNANILL JUP, KRT13, KRT17 A*01/ C*05 170 VQIAKGMNY EGFR A*01/ B*15 171 ITDFGLAKL EGFR A*01/ C*05 172 FSEPFHLIV FCRLA A*01/ C*12 173 QSTTGVSHY VCAN A*01 174 TSEVEGLAFVS VCAN A*01 Y 175 GLEYEAPKLY DNMT3B A*01 176 HTDLESPSAVY BTBD16 A*01 177 LVDGKWQEF BTBD16 A*01 178 TQRTSFQFY ROS1 A*01/ B*15 179 SSTDFTFASW FERMT1 A*01/ A*25 180 AQISDTGRY HMCN1 A*01 181 SVTDLIGGKW HTR7, HTR7P1 A*01/ B*57 182 TQPELSSRY ADAMTS12 A*01/ B*15 183 LADTDLGMTF OR51B4 A*01/ C*12 184 KTIQEVAGY EGFR A*01/ B*57 185 NSDESADSEPH PRDM15 A*01 KY 186 AVSSGLFFY CTLA4 A*01/ A*29 187 TQKSVQVLAY PTPRZ1 A*01/ B*15 188 DIPDYLLQY ELL3 A*01/ A*26 189 FRGVFVHRY STAG3 A*01/ C*07 190 VSSTVHNLY GREB1 A*01/ B*57 191 FTRAFDQLRM TKTL2 A*01/ A*26 192 LAFYYGMY SLC7A11 A*01/ B*15 193 SQNGQLIHY SLC5A4 A*01 194 CYTADNEMGY ROS1 A*01 195 YTADNEMGYY ROS1 A*01 196 RLAQYTIERY GABRP A*01/ B*15 197 NDEIDKLTGY PDE11A A*01 198 KLTDYINANY PTPRZ1 A*01/ B*15 199 LCAAVLAKY UGT1A3, UGT1A5 A*01 200 SLPEFGLTY FERMT1 A*01/ B*15 201 SLPEFGLTYY FERMT1 A*01/ B*46 202 QTDINGGSLK GPR143 A*01 203 LSQDELSKF NLRP2, PYDC2 A*01 204 NVKEAPTEY BTLA A*01/ C*12 205 RMQEGSEVY BTLA A*01/ B*15 206 RVFVAVTLY ABCC4 A*01/ B*15 207 LLEGEDAHLTQ JUP, KRT13, KRT17 A*01 Y 208 LLISKAEDY IGF1R A*01/ B*35 209 EADPFLKYL CCNA1 A*01/ B*35 210 LLEADPFLKY CCNA1 A*01 211 YLNEWGSRF CDH3 A*01 212 MMTDLTSVY LOC101060622, MUC3A A*01/ A*29 213 VSDSTTEITY MUC3A A*01 214 VQDPSLPVY SOX30 A*01 215 DTLEAATSLY PLEKHG4B A*01 216 NSMLDPLVY HCAR1 A*01 217 LMDEGAVLTL L1TD1 A*01/ C*17 218 FTAQLQLY ROS1 A*01 219 KTELETALYY GOLGA6L2 A*01 220 DVERIKDTY LAMA3 A*01 221 TDVERIKDTY LAMA3 A*01 222 GSPDAVVSY MAGEB6 A*01/ B*35 223 NAVDVVPSSF NLRP2 A*01 224 RTDEGDNRVW LY6K A*01/ B*57 225 STDPNIVRK TAF7L A*01/ A*11 226 QITPKHNGLY PSG11 A*01/ B*15 227 ESAPKEVSRY PDE10A A*01/ A*26 228 KSFDDIAKY SSX7 A*01/ B*15 229 MTDVFIDY ABCB11 A*01 230 CVIETFHKY TCHHL1 A*01 231 LLPLLVMAY CXCR3 A*01 232 RYLNIVHATQL CXCR3 A*01 Y 233 RINSATGQY CLNK A*01/ A*30 234 YTDLTTIQV LRRC15 A*01 235 SIEIDHTQY MYH4 A*01 236 VLDSLLAQY IGF2BP1 A*01 237 AQEAAVFLTLY DNAH8 A*01 238 ETDWGLLKGH CAPN6 A*01 TY 239 SSERGSPIEKY TRPS1 A*01 240 EVLDSLLAQY IGF2BP1 A*01/ A*25 241 SLMVASLTY TNFSF4 A*01/ B*15 242 GTNLPTLLW CDKAL1 A*01/ B*57 243 LTSEDTGAY CDKAL1 A*01 244 VTKYIAGPY PSG4, PSG5, PSG6, PSG7, PSG9 A*01 245 LSDNAANRY MED12L A*01 246 ARLEGEIATY KRT36 A*01 247 SMIRVGTNY RCOR2 A*01/ B*15 248 VTDIDELGK CDK6 A*01 249 GVGFTELEY C9orf57 A*01 250 GYVCNACGLY TRPS1 A*01 251 GIEMTYETY SYCP2 A*01 252 DTTSHTYLQY ADCY8 A*01/ A*25 253 YLESHGLAY CPA5 A*01 254 FLFNDALLY FGD6 A*01/ A*29 255 WELDSLEY KIF26B A*01 256 HAFESNNFIY MET A*01/ B*35 257 KSEMNVNMKY MET A*01 258 RPSSVLTIY SLC44A5 A*01/ B*15 259 APDEVVALL KLHL35 A*01 260 KPTEDSANVY DCC A*01 261 MTEGSTVNTEY TEX15 A*01 262 NVKHFLNDLY TEX15 A*01 263 DCMDTEGSYM FBN3 A*01 264 YRDPVFVSL CYP2W1 A*01/ B*39 265 LSDIDSRYI PRAMEF20, PRAMEF21 A*01 266 LTDSFLLRF TTPA A*01/ B*57 267 IVADDTVY ADAM7 A*01 268 AILHHLYFY ABCC4 A*01/ A*29 269 LPSPAATIWDY MACC1 A*01/ B*35 270 DLKIDLAAQY DNAH17 A*01/ A*25 271 VAEPPVVCSY LOC730110, ZNF492, ZNF98 A*01 272 IPQDECLRY PRAMEF1, PRAMEF13, PRAMEF14, A*01 PRAMEF2 273 CGPNEINHFY OR5M8 A*01 274 YADIHGDLL PARD6B A*01/ C*05 275 ESDEMENLLTY SERHL, SERHL2 A*01 276 QITSFASGTSY MED12L A*01 277 LPAPGFLFY GDPGP1 A*01/ B*35 278 AATVKSDIY TEX14 A*01 279 LMTVLLKY SLC16A14 A*01 280 TTEMVSNESVD MET A*01 Y 281 YPDLSELLM NUP155 A*01/ B*35 282 QAMPSWPTAA NRG3 A*01 Y 283 ETILVSSSY SLC10A5 A*01 284 TCSHTFVYY VWDE A*01 285 VLPHHSEGACV FRAS1 A*01/ Y B*15 286 ATDMEGNLNY CDH4 A*01 287 ENSIEDLQY CCDC83 A*01 288 TEEKFVSY TSPEAR A*01 289 YTSHEDIGY SLC16A14 A*01 290 GQFTGTAGAC WT1 A*01/ RY B*15 291 TSDVTGSLTY GPR31 A*01 292 VLDFAPPGASA WT1 A*01 Y 293 IISVLIAIY SLC6A5 A*01 294 MMEMEGMY DNAH8 A*01 295 GQRLDEAMISY MYO3B A*01/ B*15 296 HMLAAMAY OR8G1, OR8G2, OR8G5 A*01 297 RLDEAMISY MYO3B A*01 298 KFDVINHYF OR8G5 A*01 299 EVDSVALSL VRTN A*01 300 VSINPNSGDIY PCDH19 A*01 301 ESQTCASDY DCBLD1 A*01 302 FYLSTPENYHY MYO10 A*01/ A*29 303 GFGGLSSQGV NKX6-3 A*01 YY 304 FSENLIYTYI MYO1H A*01 305 YADLLIYTY MYO3B A*01 306 KSFETTVRY FMN1 A*01/ C*12 307 DTDDRELRY FREM2 A*01 308 ELAAGQVVY FREM2 A*01/ B*18 309 EVDRNLIQY FREM2 A*01 310 KAFQELGVRY FREM2 A*01/ B*57 311 TVTDGTHTDFY FREM2,FREM3 A*01 312 VTDGINPLI FREM2 A*01 313 VTDGTHTDFY FREM2,FREM3 A*01 314 PPEANSLQGAL DBX2 A*01 Y 315 VLKIELETY CCDC6 A*01/ B*15 316 YTCEECGQAF ZNF479, ZNF679, ZNF727, A*01 ZNF733P, ZNF734P 317 EDLLEVLDMY KCNH7 A*01/ B*18 318 YMTSMALNY ITGAE A*01 319 FTDPHIITF VWDE A*01/ C*04 320 QALQDKLQTFY VWDE A*01 321 DGIADASNLSY LOC100124692, LOC93432 A*01 Y 322 FSELNPLALY TDRD5 A*01 323 KTLQKPVLPLY DNMBP A*01/ A*30 324 RTGIFPYRF DNMBP A*01/ B*57 325 LQKPVLPLY DNMBP A*01/ B*15 326 STSRLTLFS DMXL1 A*01 327 IMLSVDQHLY RAPGEF5 A*01 328 LLDEDNNIKL HUNK A*01 329 NTDSMTLNNTA EFCAB5 A*01 Y 330 EGELSEGEHW ZNF827 A*01 Y 331 YLYQAPGSLAL IRX2 A*01 Y 332 SLISFKYTSY FRAS1 A*01 333 LSDPQAELQFY PCDHGB6 A*01 334 PSSMPECLSY SOX30 A*01 335 PSSMPECLSYY SOX30 A*01 336 ATNIQLNIDTY CCDC175 A*01 337 FTESNQYNIY FSTL4 A*01 338 YSPDSFNVSW USH2A A*01 339 ESMDIFPLGW SFMBT1 A*01/ A*25 340 SVDSNLVAY DMXL1 A*01 341 PANYLGKMTY ARHGEF38 A*01/ B*15 342 QTYMDGLLHY LAMA3 A*01/ B*15 343 YFGNYFTYY C5orf34 A*01 A*01/ 344 AVNALQSVY CPA6 B*15 345 NTMDAVPRIDH SLC12A2 A*01 Y 346 VAGLEAGVLY UMODL1 A*01 347 SADHPGLTF FREM2 A*01/ C*05 348 DSTDGCLLSF TBC1D16 A*01 349 HLLSVSLYY OR5AC2, OR5H14, OR5H2, OR5H6 A*01 350 LTDPQVSYV FARP2 A*01 351 VLDPMLDFY FAM46D A*01 352 YPVVVAESMY FAM46D A*01 353 RLNGSVASY FAM46D A*01 354 EIIRYIFAY HPGDS A*01/ A*26 355 MADRGEARL RMI2 A*01/ C*04 356 NSENHILKY C12orf56 A*01 357 MSPDIALLYL OVCH1 A*01 358 YMSPDIALLY OVCH1 A*01 359 NKEINYFMY ADCY10 A*01/ A*32 360 RFDDINQEF DNAH17 A*01/ C*04 361 FTAEEGQLY AR A*01 362 SGALDEAAAY AR A*01 363 LTDRDVSFY MROH2B A*01 364 DTGYLQLYY STON2 A*01 365 FVDTKVPEH ABCC12 A*01 366 ITVDVRDEF STON2 A*01/ B*57 367 LTDTGYLQLY STON2 A*01 368 ESAATGQLDY TNR A*01 369 AVMEAAFVY TXNDC16 A*01/ A*29 370 RLSTIRHLY MXRA5 A*01/ A*32 371 WSDSTSQTIY SH3PXD2A A*01 372 SRSDFEWVY DEGS2 A*01/ C*07 373 FHADSDDESF CDCA7 A*01/ B*38 374 LTSVVVTLW CDK6 A*01/ B*57 375 ASSLDSLHY PTPRT A*01 376 EDDEDEDLY HSD17B4 A*01 377 YADPSANRDLL ST8SIA5 A*01/ B*35 378 TAKAPSTEY GALNT5 A*01/ B*15 379 SLIIDDTEY FSIP2 A*01/ B*35 380 VACGNNPVY FSIP2 A*01/ B*15 381 ETSFSTSHY NRG1 A*01/ A*26 382 YEPATMEQY MYO10 A*01 383 PPDHAVGRTKY GCNT2 A*01 384 RFRSITQSYY RAB30 A*01/ A*30 385 SANALILTY RAB30 A*01/ B*35

TABLE 2 Additional peptides according to the present invention with no prior known cancer association. SEQ ID No. Sequence Gene(s) HLA allotype 386 NSALNPLLY KISS1R A*01 387 LMEKEDYHSLY TYR, TYRL A*01 388 YTAHVGYSMY MSX1 A*01 389 YYDLVESTF DNTT A*01 390 FSEPFHLIVSY FCRLA A*01 391 GSNPARYEF MAGEA4 A*01/ B*57 392 TQHFVQENY MAGEA3 A*01/ B*15 393 QVWGGQPVY PMEL A*01/ B*35 394 QVPLDCVLY PMEL A*01 395 ILKGGSGTY PMEL A*01/ B*15 396 LPDPNVQKY PRDM15 A*01/ C*04 397 NSAINPLIY NPSR1 A*01 398 YYYDTHTNTY SLC12A2 A*01/ C*14

TABLE 3 Peptides useful for e.g. personalized cancer therapies. SEQ ID No. Sequence Gene(s) HLA allotype 399 YVGKEHMFY MAGEA9, MAGEA9B A*01 400 NTDNNLAVY CXorf61 A*01 401 VWSNVTPLKF MMP12 A*01 402 VLYPVPLESY PRAME A*01 403 SADDIRGIQSLY MMP12 A*01 404 FVDNQYWRY MMP12 A*01 405 STDIGALMY MMP1 A*01 406 SDVTPLTF MMP11 A*01 407 VSIRNTLLY FLT3 A*01 408 VWSDVTPLTF MMP11 A*01 409 YTFRYPLSL MMP11 A*01 410 KTWAHCMSY KISS1R A*01 411 LLDAEPPILY ESR1 A*01 412 AAAANAQVY ESR1 A*01 413 TDTLIHLM ESR1 A*01 414 LTEGHSGNYY FCRL5 A*01 415 VWSDVTPLNF MMP13 A*01 416 LSSPVHLDF FCRL5 A*01 417 KLDRSVFTAY FAM111B A*01 418 LLDEGAMLLY NLRP7 A*01 419 FPTEVTPHAF PTPRZ1 A*01 420 VTDLEMPHY PTPRZ1 A*01 421 RSDPGGGGLA MEX3B A*01 Y 422 ALNPYQYQY DLX5 A*01 423 LLDEGAKLLY NLRP2 A*01 424 NVDPVQHTY AGRN A*01 425 VTEEPQRLFY BMF A*01 426 RSFNGLLTMY LAMB3 A*01 427 LTDYINANY PTPRZ1 A*01 428 IINESLLFY GPR143 A*01 429 VSDSECLSRY LAMA1 A*01 430 NTDPTAPPY CDH3 A*01 431 ASSTDSASYY APOB A*01 432 LQSSGLTLLL MSLNL A*01

As can be seen from the above tables, many of the preferred peptides of the invention are surprisingly able to bind to at last two HLA allotypes. This allows for, in particular, broader applicability of these peptides.

The present invention furthermore generally relates to the peptides according to the present invention for use in the treatment of proliferative diseases, such as, for example, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

Particularly preferred are the peptides—alone or in combination—according to the present invention selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398. More preferred are the peptides—alone or in combination—selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 21 (see Table), and their uses in the immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, and preferably acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

Thus, another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the peptides according to the present invention for the—preferably combined—treatment of a proliferative disease selected from the group of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

The present invention furthermore relates to peptides according to the present invention that have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or—in an elongated form, such as a length-variant—MHC class-II.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the present invention wherein said peptides (each) consist or consist essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the present invention, wherein said peptide is modified and/or includes non-peptide bonds.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the present invention, wherein said peptide is part of a fusion protein, in particular fused to the N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (Ii) or fused to (or into the sequence of) an antibody, such as, for example, an antibody that is specific for dendritic cells.

The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid, encoding the peptides according to the present invention. The present invention further relates to the nucleic acid according to the present invention that is DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof.

The present invention further relates to an expression vector capable of expressing and/or expressing a nucleic acid according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a peptide according to the present invention, a nucleic acid according to the present invention or an expression vector according to the present invention for use in the treatment of diseases and in medicine, in particular in the treatment of cancer.

The present invention further relates to antibodies that are specific against the peptides according to the present invention or complexes of said peptides according to the present invention with MHC, and methods of making these.

The present invention further relates to T-cell receptors (TCRs), in particular soluble TCR (sTCRs) and cloned TCRs engineered into autologous or allogeneic T cells, and methods of making these, as well as NK cells or other cells bearing said TCR or cross-reacting with said TCRs.

The antibodies and TCRs are additional embodiments of the immunotherapeutic use of the peptides according to the invention at hand.

The present invention further relates to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the present invention or an expression vector as described before. The present invention further relates to the host cell according to the present invention that is an antigen presenting cell, and preferably is a dendritic cell.

The present invention further relates to a method for producing a peptide according to the present invention, said method comprising culturing the host cell according to the present invention, and isolating the peptide from said host cell or its culture medium.

The present invention further relates to said method according to the present invention, wherein the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell or artificial antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of the antigen with an antigen-presenting cell.

The present invention further relates to the method according to the present invention, wherein the antigen-presenting cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing or expressing said peptide containing SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.: 398, preferably containing SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 21, or a variant amino acid sequence.

The present invention further relates to activated T cells, produced by the method according to the present invention, wherein said T cell selectively recognizes a cell which expresses a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a method of killing target cells in a patient which target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising any amino acid sequence according to the present invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as produced according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to the use of any peptide as described, the nucleic acid according to the present invention, the expression vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, the activated T lymphocyte, the T cell receptor or the antibody or other peptide- and/or peptide-MHC-binding molecules according to the present invention as a medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament. Preferably, said medicament is active against cancer.

Preferably, said medicament is a cellular therapy, a vaccine or a protein based on a soluble TCR or antibody.

The present invention further relates to a use according to the present invention, wherein said cancer cells are acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, and preferably acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cells.

The present invention further relates to biomarkers based on the peptides according to the present invention, herein called “targets” that can be used in the diagnosis of cancer, preferably acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer. The marker can be over-presentation of the peptide(s) themselves, or over-expression of the corresponding gene(s). The markers may also be used to predict the probability of success of a treatment, preferably an immunotherapy, and most preferred an immunotherapy targeting the same target that is identified by the biomarker. For example, an antibody or soluble TCR can be used to stain sections of the tumor to detect the presence of a peptide of interest in complex with MHC.

Optionally the antibody carries a further effector function such as an immune stimulating domain or toxin.

The present invention also relates to the use of these novel targets in the context of cancer treatment.

Stimulation of an immune response is dependent upon the presence of antigens recognized as foreign by the host immune system. The discovery of the existence of tumor associated antigens has raised the possibility of using a host's immune system to intervene in tumor growth. Various mechanisms of harnessing both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system are currently being explored for cancer immunotherapy.

Specific elements of the cellular immune response are capable of specifically recognizing and destroying tumor cells. The isolation of T-cells from tumor-infiltrating cell populations or from peripheral blood suggests that such cells play an important role in natural immune defense against cancer. CD8-positive T-cells in particular, which recognize class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bearing peptides of usually 8 to 10 amino acid residues derived from proteins or defect ribosomal products (DRIPS) located in the cytosol, play an important role in this response. The MHC-molecules of the human are also designated as human leukocyte-antigens (HLA).

As used herein and except as noted otherwise all terms are defined as given below.

The term “T-cell response” means the specific proliferation and activation of effector functions induced by a peptide in vitro or in vivo. For MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T cells, effector functions may be lysis of peptide-pulsed, peptide-precursor pulsed or naturally peptide-presenting target cells, secretion of cytokines, preferably Interferon-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-2 induced by peptide, secretion of effector molecules, preferably granzymes or perforins induced by peptide, or degranulation.

The term “peptide” is used herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. The peptides are preferably 9 amino acids in length but can be as short as 8 amino acids in length, and as long as 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 or longer, and in case of MHC class II peptides (elongated variants of the peptides of the invention) they can be as long as 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 or more amino acids in length.

Furthermore, the term “peptide” shall include salts of a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. Preferably, the salts are pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the peptides, such as, for example, the chloride or acetate (trifluoroacetate) salts. It has to be noted that the salts of the peptides according to the present invention differ substantially from the peptides in their state(s) in vivo, as the peptides are not salts in vivo.

The term “peptide” shall also include “oligopeptide”. The term “oligopeptide” is used herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. The length of the oligopeptide is not critical to the invention, as long as the correct epitope or epitopes are maintained therein. The oligopeptides are typically less than about 30 amino acid residues in length, and greater than about 15 amino acids in length.

The term “polypeptide” designates a series of amino acid residues, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of the adjacent amino acids. The length of the polypeptide is not critical to the invention as long as the correct epitopes are maintained. In contrast to the terms peptide or oligopeptide, the term polypeptide is meant to refer to molecules containing more than about 30 amino acid residues.

A peptide, oligopeptide, protein or polynucleotide coding for such a molecule is “immunogenic” (and thus is an “immunogen” within the present invention), if it is capable of inducing an immune response. In the case of the present invention, immunogenicity is more specifically defined as the ability to induce a T-cell response. Thus, an “immunogen” would be a molecule that is capable of inducing an immune response, and in the case of the present invention, a molecule capable of inducing a T-cell response. In another aspect, the immunogen can be the peptide, the complex of the peptide with MHC, oligopeptide, and/or protein that is used to raise specific antibodies or TCRs against it.

A class I T cell “epitope” requires a short peptide that is bound to a class I MHC receptor, forming a ternary complex (MHC class I alpha chain, beta-2-microglobulin, and peptide) that can be recognized by a T cell bearing a matching T-cell receptor binding to the MHC/peptide complex with appropriate affinity. Peptides binding to MHC class I molecules are typically 8-14 amino acids in length, and most typically 9 amino acids in length.

In humans there are three different genetic loci that encode MHC class I molecules (the MHC-molecules of the human are also designated human leukocyte antigens (HLA)): HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. HLA-A*01, HLA-A*02, and HLA-B*07 are examples of different MHC class I alleles that can be expressed from these loci.

TABLE 4 Expression frequencies F of HLA-A*02, HLA-A*01, HLA-A*03, HLA- A*24, HLA-B*07, HLA-B*08 and HLA-B*44 serotypes. Haplotype frequencies Gf are derived from a study which used HLA-typing data from a registry of more than 6.5 million volunteer donors in the U.S. (Gragert et al., 2013). The haplotype frequency is the frequency of a distinct allele on an individual chromosome. Due to the diploid set of chromosomes within mammalian cells, the frequency of genotypic occurrence of this allele is higher and can be calculated employing the Hardy-Weinberg principle (F = 1 − (1 − Gf)²). Calculated phenotype from allele Allele Population frequency (F) A*02 African (N = 28557) 32.3% European Caucasian (N = 1242890) 49.3% Japanese (N = 24582) 42.7% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 46.1% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 30.4% A*01 African (N = 28557) 10.2% European Caucasian (N = 1242890) 30.2% Japanese (N = 24582) 1.8% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 14.0% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 21.0% A*03 African (N = 28557) 14.8% European Caucasian (N = 1242890) 26.4% Japanese (N = 24582) 1.8% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 14.4% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 10.6% A*24 African (N = 28557) 2.0% European Caucasian (N = 1242890) 8.6% Japanese (N = 24582) 35.5% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 13.6% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 16.9% B*07 African (N = 28557) 14.7% European Caucasian (N = 1242890) 25.0% Japanese (N = 24582) 11.4% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 12.2% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 10.4% B*08 African (N = 28557) 6.0% European Caucasian (N = 1242890) 21.6% Japanese (N = 24582) 1.0% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 7.6% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 6.2% B*44 African (N = 28557) 10.6% European Caucasian (N = 1242890) 26.9% Japanese (N = 24582) 13.0% Hispanic, S + Cent Amer. 18.2% (N = 146714) Southeast Asian (N = 27978) 13.1%

The peptides of the invention, preferably when included into a vaccine of the invention as described herein bind to A*01. A vaccine may also include pan-binding MHC class II peptides. Therefore, the vaccine of the invention can be used to treat cancer in patients that are A*01-positive, whereas no selection for MHC class II allotypes is necessary due to the pan-binding nature of these peptides.

If A*01 peptides of the invention are combined with peptides binding to another allele, for example A*24, a higher percentage of any patient population can be treated compared with addressing either MHC class I allele alone. While in most populations less than 50% of patients could be addressed by either allele alone, a vaccine comprising HLA-A*24 and HLA-A*02 epitopes can treat at least 60% of patients in any relevant population. Specifically, the following percentages of patients will be positive for at least one of these alleles in various regions: USA 61%, Western Europe 62%, China 75%, South Korea 77%, Japan 86% (calculated from www.allelefrequencies.net).

TABLE 5 HLA alleles coverage in European Caucasian population (calculated from (Gragert et al., 2013)). coverage (at least combined one A- combined combined with B*07 allele) with B*07 with B*44 and B*44 A*02/A*01 70% 78% 78% 84% A*02/A*03 68% 76% 76% 83% A*02/A*24 61% 71% 71% 80% A*′01/A*03 52% 64% 65% 75% A*01/A*24 44% 58% 59% 71% A*03/A*24 40% 55% 56% 69% A*02/A*01/A*03 84% 88% 88% 91% A*02/A*01/A*24 79% 84% 84% 89% A*02/A*03/A*24 77% 82% 83% 88% A*01/A*03/A*24 63% 72% 73% 81% A*02/A*01/A*03/A*24 90% 92% 93% 95%

In a preferred embodiment, the term “nucleotide sequence” refers to a heteropolymer of deoxyribonucleotides.

The nucleotide sequence coding for a particular peptide, oligopeptide, or polypeptide may be naturally occurring or they may be synthetically constructed. Generally, DNA segments encoding the peptides, polypeptides, and proteins of this invention are assembled from cDNA fragments and short oligonucleotide linkers, or from a series of oligonucleotides, to provide a synthetic gene that is capable of being expressed in a recombinant transcriptional unit comprising regulatory elements derived from a microbial or viral operon.

As used herein the term “a nucleotide coding for (or encoding) a peptide” refers to a nucleotide sequence coding for the peptide including artificial (man-made) start and stop codons compatible for the biological system the sequence is to be expressed by, for example, a dendritic cell or another cell system useful for the production of TCRs.

As used herein, reference to a nucleic acid sequence includes both single stranded and double stranded nucleic acid. Thus, for example for DNA, the specific sequence, unless the context indicates otherwise, refers to the single strand DNA of such sequence, the duplex of such sequence with its complement (double stranded DNA) and the complement of such sequence.

The term “coding region” refers to that portion of a gene which either naturally or normally codes for the expression product of that gene in its natural genomic environment, i.e., the region coding in vivo for the native expression product of the gene.

The coding region can be derived from a non-mutated (“normal”), mutated or altered gene, or can even be derived from a DNA sequence, or gene, wholly synthesized in the laboratory using methods well known to those of skill in the art of DNA synthesis.

The term “expression product” means the polypeptide or protein that is the natural translation product of the gene and any nucleic acid sequence coding equivalents resulting from genetic code degeneracy and thus coding for the same amino acid(s).

The term “fragment”, when referring to a coding sequence, means a portion of DNA comprising less than the complete coding region, whose expression product retains essentially the same biological function or activity as the expression product of the complete coding region.

The term “DNA segment” refers to a DNA polymer, in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger DNA construct, which has been derived from DNA isolated at least once in substantially pure form, i.e., free of contaminating endogenous materials and in a quantity or concentration enabling identification, manipulation, and recovery of the segment and its component nucleotide sequences by standard biochemical methods, for example, by using a cloning vector. Such segments are provided in the form of an open reading frame uninterrupted by internal non-translated sequences, or introns, which are typically present in eukaryotic genes. Sequences of non-translated DNA may be present downstream from the open reading frame, where the same do not interfere with manipulation or expression of the coding regions.

The term “primer” means a short nucleic acid sequence that can be paired with one strand of DNA and provides a free 3′-OH end at which a DNA polymerase starts synthesis of a deoxyribonucleotide chain.

The term “promoter” means a region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

The term “isolated” means that the material is removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment, if it is naturally occurring). For example, a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such polynucleotides could be part of a vector and/or such polynucleotides or polypeptides could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.

The polynucleotides, and recombinant or immunogenic polypeptides, disclosed in accordance with the present invention may also be in “purified” form. The term “purified” does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative definition, and can include preparations that are highly purified or preparations that are only partially purified, as those terms are understood by those of skill in the relevant art. For example, individual clones isolated from a cDNA library have been conventionally purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Purification of starting material or natural material to at least one order of magnitude, preferably two or three orders, and more preferably four or five orders of magnitude is expressly contemplated. Furthermore, a claimed polypeptide which has a purity of preferably 99.999%, or at least 99.99% or 99.9%; and even desirably 99% by weight or greater is expressly encompassed.

The nucleic acids and polypeptide expression products disclosed according to the present invention, as well as expression vectors containing such nucleic acids and/or such polypeptides, may be in “enriched form”. As used herein, the term “enriched” means that the concentration of the material is at least about 2, 5, 10, 100, or 1000 times its natural concentration (for example), advantageously 0.01%, by weight, preferably at least about 0.1% by weight. Enriched preparations of about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% by weight are also contemplated. The sequences, constructs, vectors, clones, and other materials comprising the present invention can advantageously be in enriched or isolated form. The term “active fragment” means a fragment, usually of a peptide, polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence, that generates an immune response (i.e., has immunogenic activity) when administered, alone or optionally with a suitable adjuvant or in a vector, to an animal, such as a mammal, for example, a rabbit or a mouse, and also including a human, such immune response taking the form of stimulating a T-cell response within the recipient animal, such as a human. Alternatively, the “active fragment” may also be used to induce a T-cell response in vitro.

As used herein, the terms “portion”, “segment” and “fragment”, when used in relation to polypeptides, refer to a continuous sequence of residues, such as amino acid residues, which sequence forms a subset of a larger sequence. For example, if a polypeptide were subjected to treatment with any of the common endopeptidases, such as trypsin or chymotrypsin, the oligopeptides resulting from such treatment would represent portions, segments or fragments of the starting polypeptide. When used in relation to polynucleotides, these terms refer to the products produced by treatment of said polynucleotides with any of the endonucleases.

In accordance with the present invention, the term “percent identity” or “percent identical”, when referring to a sequence, means that a sequence is compared to a claimed or described sequence after alignment of the sequence to be compared (the “Compared Sequence”) with the described or claimed sequence (the “Reference Sequence”). The percent identity is then determined according to the following formula:

percent identity=100[1−(C/R)]

wherein C is the number of differences between the Reference Sequence and the Compared Sequence over the length of alignment between the Reference Sequence and the Compared Sequence, wherein

(i) each base or amino acid in the Reference Sequence that does not have a corresponding aligned base or amino acid in the Compared Sequence and

(ii) each gap in the Reference Sequence and

(iii) each aligned base or amino acid in the Reference Sequence that is different from an aligned base or amino acid in the Compared Sequence, constitutes a difference and

(iiii) the alignment has to start at position 1 of the aligned sequences;

and R is the number of bases or amino acids in the Reference Sequence over the length of the alignment with the Compared Sequence with any gap created in the Reference Sequence also being counted as a base or amino acid.

If an alignment exists between the Compared Sequence and the Reference Sequence for which the percent identity as calculated above is about equal to or greater than a specified minimum Percent Identity then the Compared Sequence has the specified minimum percent identity to the Reference Sequence even though alignments may exist in which the herein above calculated percent identity is less than the specified percent identity.

As mentioned above, the present invention thus provides a peptide comprising a sequence that is selected from the group of consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398 or a variant thereof which is 88% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398, or a variant thereof that will induce T cells cross-reacting with said peptide. The peptides of the invention have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or elongated versions of said peptides to class II.

In the present invention, the term “homologous” refers to the degree of identity (see percent identity above) between sequences of two amino acid sequences, i.e. peptide or polypeptide sequences. The aforementioned “homology” is determined by comparing two sequences aligned under optimal conditions over the sequences to be compared. Such a sequence homology can be calculated by creating an alignment using, for example, the ClustalW algorithm. Commonly available sequence analysis software, more specifically, Vector NTI, GENETYX or other tools are provided by public databases.

A person skilled in the art will be able to assess, whether T cells induced by a variant of a specific peptide will be able to cross-react with the peptide itself (Appay et al., 2006; Colombetti et al., 2006; Fong et al., 2001; Zaremba et al., 1997).

By a “variant” of the given amino acid sequence the inventors mean that the side chains of, for example, one or two of the amino acid residues are altered (for example by replacing them with the side chain of another naturally occurring amino acid residue or some other side chain) such that the peptide is still able to bind to an HLA molecule in substantially the same way as a peptide consisting of the given amino acid sequence in consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398. For example, a peptide may be modified so that it at least maintains, if not improves, the ability to interact with and bind to the binding groove of a suitable MHC molecule, such as HLA-A*02 or -DR, and in that way, it at least maintains, if not improves, the ability to bind to the TCR of activated T cells.

These T cells can subsequently cross-react with cells and kill cells that express a polypeptide that contains the natural amino acid sequence of the cognate peptide as defined in the aspects of the invention. As can be derived from the scientific literature and databases (Godkin et al., 1997; Rammensee et al., 1999), certain positions of HLA binding peptides are typically anchor residues forming a core sequence fitting to the binding motif of the HLA receptor, which is defined by polar, electrophysical, hydrophobic and spatial properties of the polypeptide chains constituting the binding groove. Thus, one skilled in the art would be able to modify the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 398, by maintaining the known anchor residues, and would be able to determine whether such variants maintain the ability to bind MHC class I or II molecules. The variants of the present invention retain the ability to bind to the TCR of activated T cells, which can subsequently cross-react with and kill cells that express a polypeptide containing the natural amino acid sequence of the cognate peptide as defined in the aspects of the invention.

The original (unmodified) peptides as disclosed herein can be modified by the substitution of one or more residues at different, possibly selective, sites within the peptide chain, if not otherwise stated. Preferably those substitutions are located at the end of the amino acid chain. Such substitutions may be of a conservative nature, for example, where one amino acid is replaced by an amino acid of similar structure and characteristics, such as where a hydrophobic amino acid is replaced by another hydrophobic amino acid. Even more conservative would be replacement of amino acids of the same or similar size and chemical nature, such as where leucine is replaced by isoleucine. In studies of sequence variations in families of naturally occurring homologous proteins, certain amino acid substitutions are more often tolerated than others, and these are often show correlation with similarities in size, charge, polarity, and hydrophobicity between the original amino acid and its replacement, and such is the basis for defining “conservative substitutions.”

Conservative substitutions are herein defined as exchanges within one of the following five groups: Group 1-small aliphatic, nonpolar or slightly polar residues (Ala, Ser, Thr, Pro, Gly); Group 2-polar, negatively charged residues and their amides (Asp, Asn, Glu, Gln); Group 3-polar, positively charged residues (His, Arg, Lys); Group 4-large, aliphatic, nonpolar residues (Met, Leu, Ile, Val, Cys); and Group 5-large, aromatic residues (Phe, Tyr, Trp).

In an aspect, conservative substitutions may include those, which are described by Dayhoff in “The Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure. Vol. 5”, Natl. Biomedical Research, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. For example, in an aspect, amino acids, which belong to one of the following groups, can be exchanged for one another, thus, constituting a conservative exchange: Group 1: alanine (A), proline (P), glycine (G), asparagine (N), serine (S), threonine (T); Group 2: cysteine (C), serine (S), tyrosine (Y), threonine (T); Group 3: valine (V), isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), alanine (A), phenylalanine (F); Group 4: lysine (K), arginine (R), histidine (H); Group 5: phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), tryptophan (W), histidine (H); and Group 6: aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E). In an aspect, a conservative amino acid substitution may be selected from the following of T→A, G→A, A→d, T→V, A→M, T→1, A→V, T→G, and/or T→S.

In an aspect, a conservative amino acid substitution may include the substitution of an amino acid by another amino acid of the same class, for example, (1) nonpolar: Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Met, Phe, Trp; (2) uncharged polar: Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Gln; (3) acidic: Asp, Glu; and (4) basic: Lys, Arg, His. Other conservative amino acid substitutions may also be made as follows: (1) aromatic: Phe, Tyr, His; (2) proton donor: Asn, Gln, Lys, Arg, His, Trp; and (3) proton acceptor: Glu, Asp, Thr, Ser, Tyr, Asn, Gln (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 10,106,805, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety).

In another aspect, conservative substitutions may be made in accordance with Table A. Methods for predicting tolerance to protein modification may be found in, for example, Guo et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 101(25):9205-9210 (2004), the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TABLE A Conservative Amino Acid Substitutions Amino Acid Substitutions (others are known in the art) Ala Ser, Gly, Cys Arg Lys, Gln, His Asn Gln, His, Glu, Asp Asp Glu, Asn, Gln Cys Ser, Met, Thr Gln Asn, Lys, Glu, Asp, Arg Glu Asp, Asn, Gln Gly Pro, Ala, Ser His Asn, Gln, Lys Ile Leu, Val, Met, Ala Leu Ile, Val, Met, Ala Lys Arg, Gln, His Met Leu, Ile, Val, Ala, Phe Phe Met, Leu, Tyr, Trp, His Ser Thr, Cys, Ala Thr Ser, Val, Ala Trp Tyr, Phe Tyr Trp, Phe, His Val Ile, Leu, Met, Ala, Thr

In another aspect, conservative substitutions may be those shown in Table B under the heading of “conservative substitutions.” If such substitutions result in a change in biological activity, then more substantial changes, denominated “exemplary substitutions” in Table B, may be introduced and the products screened if needed.

TABLE B Amino Acid Substitutions Original Residue (naturally occurring amino Conservative Exemplary acid) Substitutions Substitutions Ala (A) Val Val; Leu; Ile Arg (R) Lys Lys; Gln; Asn Asn (N) Gln Gln; His; Asp, Lys; Arg Asp (D) Glu Glu; Asn Cys (C) Ser Ser; Ala Gln (Q) Asn Asn; Glu Glu (E) Asp Asp; Gln Gly (G) Ala Ala His (H) Arg Asn; Gln; Lys; Arg Ile (I) Leu Leu; Val; Met; Ala; Phe; Norleucine Leu (L) Ile Norleucine; Ile; Val; Met; Ala; Phe Lys (K) Arg Arg; Gln; Asn Met (M) Leu Leu; Phe; Ile Phe (F) Tyr Leu; Val; Ile; Ala; Tyr Pro (P) Ala Ala Ser (S) Thr Thr Thr (T) Ser Ser Trp (W) Tyr Tyr; Phe Tyr (Y) Phe Trp; Phe; Thr; Ser Val (V) Leu Ile; Leu; Met; Phe; Ala; Norleucine

Less conservative substitutions might involve the replacement of one amino acid by another that has similar characteristics but is somewhat different in size, such as replacement of an alanine by an isoleucine residue. Highly non-conservative replacements might involve substituting an acidic amino acid for one that is polar, or even for one that is basic in character. Such “radical” substitutions cannot, however, be dismissed as potentially ineffective since chemical effects are not totally predictable and radical substitutions might well give rise to serendipitous effects not otherwise predictable from simple chemical principles.

Of course, such substitutions may involve structures other than the common L-amino acids. Thus, D-amino acids might be substituted for the L-amino acids commonly found in the antigenic peptides of the invention and yet still be encompassed by the disclosure herein. In addition, non-standard amino acids (i.e., other than the common naturally occurring proteinogenic amino acids) may also be used for substitution purposes to produce immunogens and immunogenic polypeptides according to the present invention.

If substitutions at more than one position are found to result in a peptide with substantially equivalent or greater antigenic activity as defined below, then combinations of those substitutions will be tested to determine if the combined substitutions result in additive or synergistic effects on the antigenicity of the peptide. At most, no more than 4 positions within the peptide would be simultaneously substituted.

A peptide consisting essentially of the amino acid sequence as indicated herein can have one or two non-anchor amino acids (see below regarding the anchor motif) exchanged without that the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or —II is substantially changed or is negatively affected, when compared to the non-modified peptide. In another embodiment, in a peptide consisting essentially of the amino acid sequence as indicated herein, one or two amino acids can be exchanged with their conservative exchange partners (see herein below) without that the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or —II is substantially changed, or is negatively affected, when compared to the non-modified peptide.

The amino acid residues that do not substantially contribute to interactions with the T-cell receptor can be modified by replacement with other amino acid whose incorporation does not substantially affect T-cell reactivity and does not eliminate binding to the relevant MHC. Thus, apart from the proviso given, the peptide of the invention may be any peptide (by which term the inventors include oligopeptide or polypeptide), which includes the amino acid sequences or a portion or variant thereof as given.

TABLE 6 Variants and motif of the peptides  according to SEQ ID NO: 1, 4, 9, 10, and 12. Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Seq ID No 1 T L D S T R T L Y Variant S S A S E S E A T T A T E T E A Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Seq ID No 4 R I E A I R A E Y Variant S D S D A S S A T D T D A T T A Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Seq ID No 9 Q L D S T L D S Y Variant S S A S E S E A T T A T E T E A Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Seq ID No 10 V S E R T G I S Y Variant D D A A T D T D A T T A Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Seq ID No 12 Y T D F V G E G L Y Variant S S A S E S E A A E E A

Longer (elongated) peptides may also be suitable. It is possible that MHC class I epitopes, although usually between 8 and 11 amino acids long, are generated by peptide processing from longer peptides or proteins that include the actual epitope. It is preferred that the residues that flank the actual epitope are residues that do not substantially affect proteolytic cleavage necessary to expose the actual epitope during processing.

The peptides of the invention can be elongated by up to four amino acids, that is 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acids can be added to either end in any combination between 4:0 and 0:4. Combinations of the elongations according to the invention can be found in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Combinations of the elongations of peptides of the invention C-terminus N-terminus 4 0 3 0 or 1 2 0 or 1 or 2 1 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 0 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 N-terminus C-terminus 4 0 3 0 or 1 2 0 or 1 or 2 1 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 0 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

The amino acids for the elongation/extension can be the peptides of the original sequence of the protein or any other amino acid(s). The elongation can be used to enhance the stability or solubility of the peptides.

Thus, the epitopes of the present invention may be identical to naturally occurring tumor-associated or tumor-specific epitopes or may include epitopes that differ by no more than four residues from the reference peptide, as long as they have substantially identical antigenic activity.

In an alternative embodiment, the peptide is elongated on either or both sides by more than 4 amino acids, preferably to a total length of up to 30 amino acids. This may lead to MHC class II binding peptides. Binding to MHC class II can be tested by methods known in the art.

Accordingly, the present invention provides peptides and variants of MHC class I epitopes, wherein the peptide or variant has an overall length of between 8 and 100, preferably between 8 and 30, and most preferred between 8 and 14, namely 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 amino acids, in case of the elongated class II binding peptides the length can also be 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 amino acids.

Of course, the peptide or variant according to the present invention will have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II. Binding of a peptide or a variant to an MHC complex may be tested by methods known in the art.

Preferably, when the T cells specific for a peptide according to the present invention are tested against the substituted peptides, the peptide concentration at which the substituted peptides achieve half the maximal increase in lysis relative to background is no more than about 1 mM, preferably no more than about 1 μM, more preferably no more than about 1 nM, and still more preferably no more than about 100 pM, and most preferably no more than about 10 pM. It is also preferred that the substituted peptide be recognized by T cells from more than one individual, at least two, and more preferably three individuals.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398.

“Consisting essentially of” shall mean that a peptide according to the present invention, in addition to the sequence according to any of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 398 or a variant thereof contains additional N- and/or C-terminally located stretches of amino acids that are not necessarily forming part of the peptide that functions as an epitope for MHC molecules epitope.

Nevertheless, these stretches can be important to provide an efficient introduction of the peptide according to the present invention into the cells. In one embodiment of the present invention, the peptide is part of a fusion protein which comprises, for example, the 80 N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (p33, in the following “Ii”) as derived from the NCBI, GenBank Accession number X00497. In other fusions, the peptides of the present invention can be fused to an antibody as described herein, or a functional part thereof, in particular into a sequence of an antibody, so as to be specifically targeted by said antibody, or, for example, to or into an antibody that is specific for dendritic cells as described herein.

In addition, the peptide or variant may be modified further to improve stability and/or binding to MHC molecules in order to elicit a stronger immune response. Methods for such an optimization of a peptide sequence are well known in the art and include, for example, the introduction of reverse peptide bonds or non-peptide bonds.

In a reverse peptide bond amino acid, residues are not joined by peptide (—CO—NN—) linkages but the peptide bond is reversed. Such retro-inverso peptidomimetics may be made using methods known in the art, for example such as those described in Meziere et al (1997) (Meziere et al., 1997), incorporated herein by reference. This approach involves making pseudopeptides containing changes involving the backbone, and not the orientation of side chains. Meziere et al. (Meziere et al., 1997) show that for MHC binding and T helper cell responses, these pseudopeptides are useful. Retro-inverse peptides, which contain NH—CO bonds instead of CO—NH peptide bonds, are much more resistant to proteolysis.

A non-peptide bond is, for example, —CH₂—NH, —CH₂S—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —COCH₂—, —CH(OH)CH₂—, and —CH₂SO—. U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,445 provides a method for the solid phase synthesis of non-peptide bonds (—CH₂—NH) in polypeptide chains which involves polypeptides synthesized by standard procedures and the non-peptide bond synthesized by reacting an amino aldehyde and an amino acid in the presence of NaCNBH₃.

Peptides comprising the sequences described above may be synthesized with additional chemical groups present at their amino and/or carboxy termini, to enhance the stability, bioavailability, and/or affinity of the peptides. For example, hydrophobic groups such as carbobenzoxyl, dansyl, or t-butyloxycarbonyl groups may be added to the peptides' amino termini. Likewise, an acetyl group or a 9-fluorenylmethoxy-carbonyl group may be placed at the peptides' amino termini. Additionally, the hydrophobic group, t-butyloxycarbonyl, or an amido group may be added to the peptides' carboxy termini.

Further, the peptides of the invention may be synthesized to alter their steric configuration. For example, the D-isomer of one or more of the amino acid residues of the peptide may be used, rather than the usual L-isomer. Still further, at least one of the amino acid residues of the peptides of the invention may be substituted by one of the well-known non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. Alterations such as these may serve to increase the stability, bioavailability and/or binding action of the peptides of the invention.

Similarly, a peptide or variant of the invention may be modified chemically by reacting specific amino acids either before or after synthesis of the peptide. Examples for such modifications are well known in the art and are summarized e.g. in R. Lundblad, Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification, 3rd ed. CRC Press, 2004(Lundblad, 2004), which is incorporated herein by reference. Chemical modification of amino acids includes but is not limited to, modification by acylation, amidination, pyridoxylation of lysine, reductive alkylation, trinitrobenzylation of amino groups with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS), amide modification of carboxyl groups and sulphydryl modification by performic acid oxidation of cysteine to cysteic acid, formation of mercurial derivatives, formation of mixed disulphides with other thiol compounds, reaction with maleimide, carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid or iodoacetamide and carbamoylation with cyanate at alkaline pH, although without limitation thereto. In this regard, the skilled person is referred to Chapter 15 of Current Protocols In Protein Science, Eds. Coligan et al. (John Wiley and Sons NY 1995-2000) (Coligan et al., 1995) for more extensive methodology relating to chemical modification of proteins.

Briefly, modification of e.g. arginyl residues in proteins is often based on the reaction of vicinal dicarbonyl compounds such as phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, and 1,2-cyclohexanedione to form an adduct. Another example is the reaction of methylglyoxal with arginine residues. Cysteine can be modified without concomitant modification of other nucleophilic sites such as lysine and histidine. As a result, a large number of reagents are available for the modification of cysteine. The websites of companies such as Sigma-Aldrich (http://www.sigma-aldrich.com) provide information on specific reagents.

Selective reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins is also common. Disulfide bonds can be formed and oxidized during the heat treatment of biopharmaceuticals. Woodward's Reagent K may be used to modify specific glutamic acid residues. N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide can be used to form intra-molecular crosslinks between a lysine residue and a glutamic acid residue. For example, diethylpyrocarbonate is a reagent for the modification of histidyl residues in proteins. Histidine can also be modified using 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. The reaction of lysine residues and other α-amino groups is, for example, useful in binding of peptides to surfaces or the cross-linking of proteins/peptides. Lysine is the site of attachment of poly(ethylene)glycol and the major site of modification in the glycosylation of proteins. Methionine residues in proteins can be modified with e.g. iodoacetamide, bromoethylamine, and chloramine T.

Tetranitromethane and N-acetylimidazole can be used for the modification of tyrosyl residues. Cross-linking via the formation of dityrosine can be accomplished with hydrogen peroxide/copper ions.

Recent studies on the modification of tryptophan have used N-bromosuccinimide, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide or 3-bromo-3-methyl-2-(2-nitrophenylmercapto)-3H-indole (BPNS-skatole).

Successful modification of therapeutic proteins and peptides with PEG is often associated with an extension of circulatory half-life while cross-linking of proteins with glutaraldehyde, polyethylene glycol diacrylate and formaldehyde is used for the preparation of hydrogels. Chemical modification of allergens for immunotherapy is often achieved by carbamylation with potassium cyanate.

A peptide or variant, wherein the peptide is modified or includes non-peptide bonds is a preferred embodiment of the invention.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a non-naturally occurring peptide wherein said peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398 and has been synthetically produced (e.g. synthesized) as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Methods to synthetically produce peptides are well known in the art. The salts of the peptides according to the present invention differ substantially from the peptides in their state(s) in vivo, as the peptides as generated in vivo are no salts. The non-natural salt form of the peptide mediates the solubility of the peptide, in particular in the context of pharmaceutical compositions comprising the peptides, e.g. the peptide vaccines as disclosed herein. A sufficient and at least substantial solubility of the peptide(s) is required in order to efficiently provide the peptides to the subject to be treated. Preferably, the salts are pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the peptides. These salts according to the invention include alkaline and earth alkaline salts such as salts of the Hofmeister series comprising as anions PO₄ ³⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, CH₃COO⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, NO₃ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, I⁻, SCN⁻ and as cations NH₄ ⁺, Rb⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cs⁺, Li⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Ba²⁺. Particularly salts are selected from (NH₄)₃PO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, (NH₄)H₂PO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄CH₃COO, NH₄Cl, NH₄Br, NH₄NO₃, NH₄ClO₄, NH₄I, NH₄SCN, Rb₃PO₄, Rb₂HPO₄, RbH₂PO₄, Rb₂SO₄, Rb₄CH₃COO, Rb₄Cl, Rb₄Br, Rb₄NO₃, Rb₄ClO₄, Rb₄I, Rb₄SCN, K₃PO₄, K₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄, K₂SO₄, KCH₃COO, KCl, KBr, KNO₃, KClO₄, Kl, KSCN, Na₃PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, NaH₂PO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCH₃COO, NaCl, NaBr, NaNO₃, NaClO₄, NaI, NaSCN, ZnCl₂ Cs₃PO₄, Cs₂HPO₄, CsH₂PO₄, Cs₂SO₄, CsCH₃COO, CsCl, CsBr, CsNO₃, CsClO₄, CsI, CsSCN, Li₃PO₄, Li₂HPO₄, LiH₂PO₄, Li₂SO₄, LiCH₃COO, LiCl, LiBr, LiNO₃, LiClO₄, LiI, LiSCN, Cu₂SO₄, Mg₃(PO₄)₂, Mg₂HPO₄, Mg(H₂PO₄)₂, Mg₂SO₄, Mg(CH₃COO)₂, MgCl₂, MgBr₂, Mg(NO₃)₂, Mg(ClO₄)₂, MgI₂, Mg(SCN)₂, MnCl₂, Ca₃(PO₄), Ca₂HPO₄, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, CaSO₄, Ca(CH₃COO)₂, CaCl₂, CaBr₂, Ca(NO₃)₂, Ca(ClO₄)₂, CaI₂, Ca(SCN)₂, Ba₃(PO₄)₂, Ba₂HPO₄, Ba(H₂PO₄)₂, BaSO₄, Ba(CH₃COO)₂, BaCl₂, BaBr₂, Ba(NO₃)₂, Ba(ClO₄)₂, BaI₂, and Ba(SCN)₂. Particularly preferred are NH acetate, MgCl₂, KH₂PO₄, Na₂SO₄, KCl, NaCl, and CaCl₂, such as, for example, the chloride or acetate (trifluoroacetate) salts.

Generally, peptides and variants (at least those containing peptide linkages between amino acid residues) may be synthesized by the Fmoc-polyamide mode of solid-phase peptide synthesis as disclosed by Lukas et al. (Lukas et al., 1981), and by references as cited therein. Temporary N-amino group protection is afforded by the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group. Repetitive cleavage of this highly base-labile protecting group is done using 20% piperidine in N,N-dimethylformamide. Side-chain functionalities may be protected as their butyl ethers (in the case of serine threonine and tyrosine), butyl esters (in the case of glutamic acid and aspartic acid), butyloxycarbonyl derivative (in the case of lysine and histidine), trityl derivative (in the case of cysteine) and 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl derivative (in the case of arginine). Where glutamine or asparagine are C-terminal residues, use is made of the 4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydryl group for protection of the side chain amido functionalities. The solid-phase support is based on a polydimethyl-acrylamide polymer constituted from the three monomers dimethylacrylamide (backbone-monomer), bisacryloylethylene diamine (cross linker) and acryloylsarcosine methyl ester (functionalizing agent). The peptide-to-resin cleavable linked agent used is the acid-labile 4-hydroxymethyl-phenoxyacetic acid derivative. All amino acid derivatives are added as their preformed symmetrical anhydride derivatives with the exception of asparagine and glutamine, which are added using a reversed N, N-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide/1 hydroxybenzotriazole mediated coupling procedure. All coupling and deprotection reactions are monitored using ninhydrin, trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or isotin test procedures. Upon completion of synthesis, peptides are cleaved from the resin support with concomitant removal of side-chain protecting groups by treatment with 95% trifluoroacetic acid containing a 50% scavenger mix. Scavengers commonly used include ethanedithiol, phenol, anisole and water, the exact choice depending on the constituent amino acids of the peptide being synthesized. Also a combination of solid phase and solution phase methodologies for the synthesis of peptides is possible (see, for example, (Bruckdorfer et al., 2004), and the references as cited therein).

Trifluoroacetic acid is removed by evaporation in vacuo, with subsequent trituration with diethyl ether affording the crude peptide. Any scavengers present are removed by a simple extraction procedure which on lyophilization of the aqueous phase affords the crude peptide free of scavengers. Reagents for peptide synthesis are generally available from e.g. Calbiochem-Novabiochem (Nottingham, UK).

Purification may be performed by anyone, or a combination of, techniques such as re-crystallization, size exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and (usually) reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography using e.g. acetonitrile/water gradient separation.

Analysis of peptides may be carried out using thin layer chromatography, electrophoresis, in particular capillary electrophoresis, solid phase extraction (CSPE), reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, amino-acid analysis after acid hydrolysis and by fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric analysis, as well as MALDI and ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometric analysis.

In order to select over-presented peptides, a presentation profile is calculated showing the median sample presentation as well as replicate variation. The profile juxtaposes samples of the tumor entity of interest to a baseline of normal tissue samples. Each of these profiles can then be consolidated into an over-presentation score by calculating the p-value of a Linear Mixed-Effects Model (Pinheiro et al., 2015) adjusting for multiple testing by False Discovery Rate (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995) (cf. Example 1, FIGS. 1A-1N).

For the identification and relative quantitation of HLA ligands by mass spectrometry, HLA molecules from shock-frozen tissue samples were purified and HLA-associated peptides were isolated. The isolated peptides were separated and sequences were identified by online nano-electrospray-ionization (nanoESl) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) experiments. The resulting peptide sequences were verified by comparison of the fragmentation pattern of natural tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) recorded from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples (N=155 samples) with the fragmentation patterns of corresponding synthetic reference peptides of identical sequences. Since the peptides were directly identified as ligands of HLA molecules of primary tumors, these results provide direct evidence for the natural processing and presentation of the identified peptides on primary cancer tissue obtained from 155 acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer patients.

The discovery pipeline XPRESIDENT® v2.1 (see, for example, US 2013-0096016, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) allows the identification and selection of relevant over-presented peptide vaccine candidates based on direct relative quantitation of HLA-restricted peptide levels on cancer tissues in comparison to several different non-cancerous tissues and organs. This was achieved by the development of label-free differential quantitation using the acquired LC-MS data processed by a proprietary data analysis pipeline, combining algorithms for sequence identification, spectral clustering, ion counting, retention time alignment, charge state deconvolution and normalization.

Presentation levels including error estimates for each peptide and sample were established. Peptides exclusively presented on tumor tissue and peptides over-presented in tumor versus non-cancerous tissues and organs have been identified.

HLA-peptide complexes from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer tissue samples were purified and HLA-associated peptides were isolated and analyzed by LC-MS (see example 1). All TUMAPs contained in the present application were identified with this approach on acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples confirming their presentation on acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

TUMAPs identified on multiple acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer and normal tissues were quantified using ion-counting of label-free LC-MS data. The method assumes that LC-MS signal areas of a peptide correlate with its abundance in the sample. All quantitative signals of a peptide in various LC-MS experiments were normalized based on central tendency, averaged per sample and merged into a bar plot, called presentation profile. The presentation profile consolidates different analysis methods like protein database search, spectral clustering, charge state deconvolution (decharging) and retention time alignment and normalization.

Besides over-presentation of the peptide, mRNA expression of the underlying gene was tested. mRNA data were obtained via RNASeq analyses of normal tissues and cancer tissues (cf. Example 2, FIGS. 2A-2P). An additional source of normal tissue data was a database of publicly available RNA expression data from around 3000 normal tissue samples (Lonsdale, 2013). Peptides which are derived from proteins whose coding mRNA is highly expressed in cancer tissue, but very low or absent in vital normal tissues, were preferably included in the present invention.

The present invention provides peptides that are useful in treating cancers/tumors, preferably acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer that over- or exclusively present the peptides of the invention. These peptides were shown by mass spectrometry to be naturally presented by HLA molecules on primary human acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples.

Many of the source gene/proteins (also designated “full-length proteins” or “underlying proteins”) from which the peptides are derived were shown to be highly over-expressed in cancer compared with normal tissues—“normal tissues” in relation to this invention shall mean either healthy blood cells, blood vessels, brain, heart, liver, lung, bile duct, bladder, bone marrow, esophagus, large intestine, kidney, peripheral nerve, pancreas, skin, spinal cord, spleen, stomach, thyroid, trachea cells or other normal tissue cells, demonstrating a high degree of tumor association of the source genes (see Example 2). Moreover, the peptides themselves are strongly over-presented on tumor tissue—“tumor tissue” in relation to this invention shall mean a sample from a patient suffering from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, but not on normal tissues (see Example 1).

HLA-bound peptides can be recognized by the immune system, specifically T lymphocytes. T cells can destroy the cells presenting the recognized HLA/peptide complex, e.g. acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cells presenting the derived peptides.

The peptides of the present invention have been shown to be capable of stimulating T cell responses and/or are over-presented and thus can be used for the production of antibodies and/or TCRs, such as soluble TCRs, according to the present invention (see Example 3, Example 4). Furthermore, the peptides when complexed with the respective MHC can be used for the production of antibodies and/or TCRs, in particular sTCRs, according to the present invention, as well. Respective methods are well known to the person of skill and can be found in the respective literature as well (see also below). Thus, the peptides of the present invention are useful for generating an immune response in a patient by which tumor cells can be destroyed. An immune response in a patient can be induced by direct administration of the described peptides or suitable precursor substances (e.g. elongated peptides, proteins, or nucleic acids encoding these peptides) to the patient, ideally in combination with an agent enhancing the immunogenicity (i.e. an adjuvant). The immune response originating from such a therapeutic vaccination can be expected to be highly specific against tumor cells because the target peptides of the present invention are not presented on normal tissues in comparable copy numbers, preventing the risk of undesired autoimmune reactions against normal cells in the patient.

The present description further relates to T-cell receptors (TCRs) comprising an alpha chain and a beta chain (“alpha/beta TCRs”). Also provided are peptides according to the invention capable of binding to TCRs and antibodies when presented by an MHC molecule.

The present description also relates to fragments of the TCRs according to the invention that are capable of binding to a peptide antigen according to the present invention when presented by an HLA molecule. The term particularly relates to soluble TCR fragments, for example TCRs missing the transmembrane parts and/or constant regions, single chain TCRs, and fusions thereof to, for example, with Ig.

The present description also relates to nucleic acids, vectors and host cells for expressing TCRs and peptides of the present description; and methods of using the same.

The term “T-cell receptor” (abbreviated TCR) refers to a heterodimeric molecule comprising an alpha polypeptide chain (alpha chain) and a beta polypeptide chain (beta chain), wherein the heterodimeric receptor is capable of binding to a peptide antigen presented by an HLA molecule. The term also includes so-called gamma/delta TCRs.

In one embodiment the description provides a method of producing a TCR as described herein, the method comprising culturing a host cell capable of expressing the TCR under conditions suitable to promote expression of the TCR.

The description in another aspect relates to methods according to the description, wherein the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell or artificial antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of the antigen with an antigen-presenting cell or the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC tetramers by tetramerizing the antigen/class I or II MHC complex monomers.

The alpha and beta chains of alpha/beta TCR's, and the gamma and delta chains of gamma/delta TCRs, are generally regarded as each having two “domains”, namely variable and constant domains. The variable domain consists of a concatenation of variable region (V) and joining region (J). The variable domain may also include a leader region (L). Beta and delta chains may also include a diversity region (D). The alpha and beta constant domains may also include C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domains that anchor the alpha and beta chains to the cell membrane.

With respect to gamma/delta TCRs, the term “TCR gamma variable domain” as used herein refers to the concatenation of the TCR gamma V (TRGV) region without leader region (L), and the TCR gamma J (TRGJ) region, and the term TCR gamma constant domain refers to the extracellular TRGC region, or to a C-terminal truncated TRGC sequence. Likewise, the term “TCR delta variable domain” refers to the concatenation of the TCR delta V (TRDV) region without leader region (L) and the TCR delta D/J (TRDD/TRDJ) region, and the term “TCR delta constant domain” refers to the extracellular TRDC region, or to a C-terminal truncated TRDC sequence.

TCRs of the present description preferably bind to a peptide-HLA molecule complex with a binding affinity (KD) of about 100 μM or less, about 50 μM or less, about 25 μM or less, or about 10 μM or less. More preferred are high affinity TCRs having binding affinities of about 1 μM or less, about 100 nM or less, about 50 nM or less, about 25 nM or less. Non-limiting examples of preferred binding affinity ranges for TCRs of the present invention include about 1 nM to about 10 nM; about 10 nM to about 20 nM; about 20 nM to about 30 nM; about 30 nM to about 40 nM; about 40 nM to about 50 nM; about 50 nM to about 60 nM; about 60 nM to about 70 nM; about 70 nM to about 80 nM; about 80 nM to about 90 nM; and about 90 nM to about 100 nM.

As used herein in connect with TCRs of the present description, “specific binding” and grammatical variants thereof are used to mean a TCR having a binding affinity (KD) for a peptide-HLA molecule complex of 100 μM or less.

Alpha/beta heterodimeric TCRs of the present description may have an introduced disulfide bond between their constant domains. Preferred TCRs of this type include those which have a TRAC constant domain sequence and a TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence except that Thr 48 of TRAC and Ser 57 of TRBC1 or TRBC2 are replaced by cysteine residues, the said cysteines forming a disulfide bond between the TRAC constant domain sequence and the TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence of the TCR.

With or without the introduced inter-chain bond mentioned above, alpha/beta hetero-dimeric TCRs of the present description may have a TRAC constant domain sequence and a TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence, and the TRAC constant domain sequence and the TRBC1 or TRBC2 constant domain sequence of the TCR may be linked by the native disulfide bond between Cys4 of exon 2 of TRAC and Cys2 of exon 2 of TRBC1 or TRBC2.

TCRs of the present description may comprise a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a radionuclide, a fluorophore and biotin. TCRs of the present description may be conjugated to a therapeutically active agent, such as a radionuclide, a chemotherapeutic agent, or a toxin.

In an embodiment, a TCR of the present description having at least one mutation in the alpha chain and/or having at least one mutation in the beta chain has modified glycosylation compared to the unmutated TCR.

In an embodiment, a TCR comprising at least one mutation in the TCR alpha chain and/or TCR beta chain has a binding affinity for, and/or a binding half-life for, a peptide-HLA molecule complex, which is at least double that of a TCR comprising the unmutated TCR alpha chain and/or unmutated TCR beta chain. Affinity-enhancement of tumor-specific TCRs, and its exploitation, relies on the existence of a window for optimal TCR affinities. The existence of such a window is based on observations that TCRs specific for HLA-A1-restricted pathogens have KD values that are generally about 10-fold lower when compared to TCRs specific for HLA-A1-restricted tumor-associated self-antigens (this holds true for other alleles as well). It is now known, although tumor antigens have the potential to be immunogenic, because tumors arise from the individual's own cells only mutated proteins or proteins with altered translational processing will be seen as foreign by the immune system. Antigens that are upregulated or overexpressed (so called self-antigens) will not necessarily induce a functional immune response against the tumor: T-cells expressing TCRs that are highly reactive to these antigens will have been negatively selected within the thymus in a process known as central tolerance, meaning that only T-cells with low-affinity TCRs for self-antigens remain. Therefore, affinity of TCRs or variants of the present description to peptides can be enhanced by methods well known in the art.

The present description further relates to a method of identifying and isolating a TCR according to the present description, said method comprising incubating PBMCs from HLA-A*01-negative healthy donors with A*01/peptide monomers, incubating the PBMCs with tetramer-phycoerythrin (PE) and isolating the high avidity T-cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)—Calibur analysis.

The present description further relates to a method of identifying and isolating a TCR according to the present description, said method comprising obtaining a transgenic mouse with the entire human TCRαβ gene loci (1.1 and 0.7 Mb), whose T-cells express a diverse human TCR repertoire that compensates for mouse TCR deficiency, immunizing the mouse with a peptide, incubating PBMCs obtained from the transgenic mice with tetramer-phycoerythrin (PE), and isolating the high avidity T-cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)—Calibur analysis.

In one aspect, to obtain T-cells expressing TCRs of the present description, nucleic acids encoding TCR-alpha and/or TCR-beta chains of the present description are cloned into expression vectors, such as gamma retrovirus or lentivirus. The recombinant viruses are generated and then tested for functionality, such as antigen specificity and functional avidity. An aliquot of the final product is then used to transduce the target T-cell population (generally purified from patient PBMCs), which is expanded before infusion into the patient.

In another aspect, to obtain T-cells expressing TCRs of the present description, TCR RNAs are synthesized by techniques known in the art, e.g., in vitro transcription systems. The in vitro-synthesized TCR RNAs are then introduced into primary CD8+ T-cells obtained from healthy donors by electroporation to re-express tumor specific TCR-alpha and/or TCR-beta chains.

To increase the expression, nucleic acids encoding TCRs of the present description may be operably linked to strong promoters, such as retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs), cytomegalovirus (CMV), murine stem cell virus (MSCV) U3, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), β-actin, ubiquitin, and a simian virus 40 (SV40)/CD43 composite promoter, elongation factor (EF)-1a and the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) promoter. In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is heterologous to the nucleic acid being expressed.

In addition to strong promoters, TCR expression cassettes of the present description may contain additional elements that can enhance transgene expression, including a central polypurine tract (cPPT), which promotes the nuclear translocation of lentiviral constructs (Follenzi et al., 2000), and the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (wPRE), which increases the level of transgene expression by increasing RNA stability (Zufferey et al., 1999).

The alpha and beta chains of a TCR of the present invention may be encoded by nucleic acids located in separate vectors or may be encoded by polynucleotides located in the same vector.

Achieving high-level TCR surface expression requires that both the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains of the introduced TCR be transcribed at high levels. To do so, the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains of the present description may be cloned into bi-cistronic constructs in a single vector, which has been shown to be capable of over-coming this obstacle. The use of a viral intraribosomal entry site (IRES) between the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains results in the coordinated expression of both chains, because the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains are generated from a single transcript that is broken into two proteins during translation, ensuring that an equal molar ratio of TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains are produced (Schmitt et al., 2009).

Nucleic acids encoding TCRs of the present description may be codon optimized to increase expression from a host cell. Redundancy in the genetic code allows some amino acids to be encoded by more than one codon, but certain codons are less “optimal” than others because of the relative availability of matching tRNAs as well as other factors (Gustafsson et al., 2004). Modifying the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta gene sequences such that each amino acid is encoded by the optimal codon for mammalian gene expression, as well as eliminating mRNA instability motifs or cryptic splice sites, has been shown to significantly enhance TCR-alpha and TCR-beta gene expression (Scholten et al., 2006).

Furthermore, mispairing between the introduced and endogenous TCR chains may result in the acquisition of specificities that pose a significant risk for autoimmunity. For example, the formation of mixed TCR dimers may reduce the number of CD3 molecules available to form properly paired TCR complexes, and therefore can significantly decrease the functional avidity of the cells expressing the introduced TCR (Kuball et al., 2007).

To reduce mispairing, the C-terminus domain of the introduced TCR chains of the present description may be modified in order to promote interchain affinity, while de-creasing the ability of the introduced chains to pair with the endogenous TCR. These strategies may include replacing the human TCR-alpha and TCR-beta C-terminus domains with their murine counterparts (murinized C-terminus domain); generating a second interchain disulfide bond in the C-terminus domain by introducing a second cysteine residue into both the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains of the introduced TCR (cysteine modification); swapping interacting residues in the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chain C-terminus domains (“knob-in-hole”); and fusing the variable domains of the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains directly to CD3 (CD3 fusion) (Schmitt et al., 2009).

In an embodiment, a host cell is engineered to express a TCR of the present description. In preferred embodiments, the host cell is a human T-cell or T-cell progenitor. In some embodiments the T-cell or T-cell progenitor is obtained from a cancer patient. In other embodiments the T-cell or T-cell progenitor is obtained from a healthy donor. Host cells of the present description can be allogeneic or autologous with respect to a patient to be treated. In one embodiment, the host is a gamma/delta T-cell transformed to express an alpha/beta TCR.

A “pharmaceutical composition” is a composition suitable for administration to a human being in a medical setting. Preferably, a pharmaceutical composition is sterile and produced according to GMP guidelines.

The pharmaceutical compositions comprise the peptides either in the free form or in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt (see also above). As used herein, “a pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a derivative of the disclosed peptides wherein the peptide is modified by making acid or base salts of the agent. For example, acid salts are prepared from the free base (typically wherein the neutral form of the drug has a neutral —NH2 group) involving reaction with a suitable acid. Suitable acids for preparing acid salts include both organic acids, e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methane sulfonic acid, ethane sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like, as well as inorganic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid phosphoric acid and the like. Conversely, preparation of basic salts of acid moieties which may be present on a peptide are prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, trimethylamine or the like.

In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the peptides as salts of acetic acid (acetates), trifluoro acetates or hydrochloric acid (chlorides).

Preferably, the medicament of the present invention is an immunotherapeutic such as a vaccine. It may be administered directly into the patient, into the affected organ or systemically i.d., i.m., s.c., i.p. and i.v., or applied ex vivo to cells derived from the patient or a human cell line which are subsequently administered to the patient or used in vitro to select a subpopulation of immune cells derived from the patient, which are then re-administered to the patient. If the nucleic acid is administered to cells in vitro, it may be useful for the cells to be transfected so as to co-express immune-stimulating cytokines, such as interleukin-2. The peptide may be substantially pure or combined with an immune-stimulating adjuvant (see below) or used in combination with immune-stimulatory cytokines, or be administered with a suitable delivery system, for example liposomes. The peptide may also be conjugated to a suitable carrier such as keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) or mannan (see WO 95/18145 and (Longenecker et al., 1993)). The peptide may also be tagged, may be a fusion protein, or may be a hybrid molecule. The peptides whose sequence is given in the present invention are expected to stimulate CD4 or CD8 T cells. However, stimulation of CD8 T cells is more efficient in the presence of help provided by CD4 T-helper cells. Thus, for MHC Class I epitopes that stimulate CD8 T cells the fusion partner or sections of a hybrid molecule suitably provide epitopes which stimulate CD4-positive T cells. CD4- and CD8-stimulating epitopes are well known in the art and include those identified in the present invention.

In one aspect, the vaccine comprises at least one peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 398, and at least one additional peptide, preferably two to 50, more preferably two to 25, even more preferably two to 20 and most preferably two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen or eighteen peptides. The peptide(s) may be derived from one or more specific TAAs and may bind to MHC class I molecules.

A further aspect of the invention provides a nucleic acid (for example a polynucleotide) encoding a peptide or peptide variant of the invention. The polynucleotide may be, for example, DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof, either single- and/or double-stranded, or native or stabilized forms of polynucleotides, such as, for example, polynucleotides with a phosphorothioate backbone and it may or may not contain introns so long as it codes for the peptide. Of course, only peptides that contain naturally occurring amino acid residues joined by naturally occurring peptide bonds are encodable by a polynucleotide. A still further aspect of the invention provides an expression vector capable of expressing a polypeptide according to the invention.

A variety of methods have been developed to link polynucleotides, especially DNA, to vectors for example via complementary cohesive termini. For instance, complementary homopolymer tracts can be added to the DNA segment to be inserted to the vector DNA. The vector and DNA segment are then joined by hydrogen bonding between the complementary homopolymeric tails to form recombinant DNA molecules.

Synthetic linkers containing one or more restriction sites provide an alternative method of joining the DNA segment to vectors. Synthetic linkers containing a variety of restriction endonuclease sites are commercially available from a number of sources including International Biotechnologies Inc. New Haven, Conn., USA.

A desirable method of modifying the DNA encoding the polypeptide of the invention employs the polymerase chain reaction as disclosed by Saiki R K, et al. (Saiki et al., 1988). This method may be used for introducing the DNA into a suitable vector, for example by engineering in suitable restriction sites, or it may be used to modify the DNA in other useful ways as is known in the art. If viral vectors are used, pox- or adenovirus vectors are preferred.

The DNA (or in the case of retroviral vectors, RNA) may then be expressed in a suitable host to produce a polypeptide comprising the peptide or variant of the invention. Thus, the DNA encoding the peptide or variant of the invention may be used in accordance with known techniques, appropriately modified in view of the teachings contained herein, to construct an expression vector, which is then used to transform an appropriate host cell for the expression and production of the polypeptide of the invention. Such techniques include those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,440,859, 4,530,901, 4,582,800, 4,677,063, 4,678,751, 4,704,362, 4,710,463, 4,757,006, 4,766,075, and 4,810,648.

The DNA (or in the case of retroviral vectors, RNA) encoding the polypeptide constituting the compound of the invention may be joined to a wide variety of other DNA sequences for introduction into an appropriate host. The companion DNA will depend upon the nature of the host, the manner of the introduction of the DNA into the host, and whether episomal maintenance or integration is desired.

Generally, the DNA is inserted into an expression vector, such as a plasmid, in proper orientation and correct reading frame for expression. If necessary, the DNA may be linked to the appropriate transcriptional and translational regulatory control nucleotide sequences recognized by the desired host, although such controls are generally available in the expression vector. The vector is then introduced into the host through standard techniques. Generally, not all of the hosts will be transformed by the vector. Therefore, it will be necessary to select for transformed host cells. One selection technique involves incorporating into the expression vector a DNA sequence, with any necessary control elements, that codes for a selectable trait in the transformed cell, such as antibiotic resistance.

Alternatively, the gene for such selectable trait can be on another vector, which is used to co-transform the desired host cell.

Host cells that have been transformed by the recombinant DNA of the invention are then cultured for a sufficient time and under appropriate conditions known to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings disclosed herein to permit the expression of the polypeptide, which can then be recovered.

Many expression systems are known, including bacteria (for example E. coli and Bacillus subtilis), yeasts (for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae), filamentous fungi (for example Aspergillus spec.), plant cells, animal cells and insect cells. Preferably, the system can be mammalian cells such as CHO cells available from the ATCC Cell Biology Collection.

A typical mammalian cell vector plasmid for constitutive expression comprises the CMV or SV40 promoter with a suitable poly A tail and a resistance marker, such as neomycin. One example is pSVL available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J., USA. An example of an inducible mammalian expression vector is pMSG, also available from Pharmacia. Useful yeast plasmid vectors are pRS403-406 and pRS413-416 and are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA. Plasmids pRS403, pRS404, pRS405 and pRS406 are Yeast Integrating plasmids (Ylps) and incorporate the yeast selectable markers HIS3, TRP1, LEU2 and URA3. Plasmids pRS413-416 are Yeast Centromere plasmids (Ycps). CMV promoter-based vectors (for example from Sigma-Aldrich) provide transient or stable expression, cytoplasmic expression or secretion, and N-terminal or C-terminal tagging in various combinations of FLAG, 3×FLAG, c-myc or MAT. These fusion proteins allow for detection, purification and analysis of recombinant protein. Dual-tagged fusions provide flexibility in detection.

The strong human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter regulatory region drives constitutive protein expression levels as high as 1 mg/L in COS cells. For less potent cell lines, protein levels are typically ˜0.1 mg/L. The presence of the SV40 replication origin will result in high levels of DNA replication in SV40 replication permissive COS cells. CMV vectors, for example, can contain the pMB1 (derivative of pBR322) origin for replication in bacterial cells, the b-lactamase gene for ampicillin resistance selection in bacteria, hGH polyA, and the f1 origin. Vectors containing the pre-pro-trypsin leader (PPT) sequence can direct the secretion of FLAG fusion proteins into the culture medium for purification using ANTI-FLAG antibodies, resins, and plates. Other vectors and expression systems are well known in the art for use with a variety of host cells.

In another embodiment two or more peptides or peptide variants of the invention are encoded and thus expressed in a successive order (similar to “beads on a string” constructs). In doing so, the peptides or peptide variants may be linked or fused together by stretches of linker amino acids, such as for example LLLLLL, or may be linked without any additional peptide(s) between them. These constructs can also be used for cancer therapy and may induce immune responses both involving MHC I and MHC II.

The present invention also relates to a host cell transformed with a polynucleotide vector construct of the present invention. The host cell can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacterial cells may be preferred prokaryotic host cells in some circumstances and typically are a strain of E. coli such as, for example, the E. coli strains DH5 available from Bethesda Research Laboratories Inc., Bethesda, Md., USA, and RR1 available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) of Rockville, Md., USA (No ATCC 31343). Preferred eukaryotic host cells include yeast, insect and mammalian cells, preferably vertebrate cells such as those from a mouse, rat, monkey or human fibroblastic and colon cell lines. Yeast host cells include YPH499, YPH500 and YPH501, which are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037, USA. Preferred mammalian host cells include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells available from the ATCC as CCL61, NIH Swiss mouse embryo cells NIH/3T3 available from the ATCC as CRL 1658, monkey kidney-derived COS-1 cells available from the ATCC as CRL 1650 and 293 cells which are human embryonic kidney cells. Preferred insect cells are Sf9 cells which can be transfected with baculovirus expression vectors. An overview regarding the choice of suitable host cells for expression can be found in, for example, the textbook of Paulina Balbás and Argelia Lorence “Methods in Molecular Biology Recombinant Gene Expression, Reviews and Protocols,” Part One, Second Edition, ISBN 978-1-58829-262-9, and other literature known to the person of skill.

Transformation of appropriate cell hosts with a DNA construct of the present invention is accomplished by well-known methods that typically depend on the type of vector used. With regard to transformation of prokaryotic host cells, see, for example, Cohen et al. (Cohen et al., 1972) and (Green and Sambrook, 2012). Transformation of yeast cells is described in Sherman et al. (Sherman et al., 1986). The method of Beggs (Beggs, 1978) is also useful. With regard to vertebrate cells, reagents useful in transfecting such cells, for example calcium phosphate and DEAE-dextran or liposome formulations, are available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, or Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, Md. 20877, USA. Electroporation is also useful for transforming and/or transfecting cells and is well known in the art for transforming yeast cell, bacterial cells, insect cells and vertebrate cells.

Successfully transformed cells, i.e. cells that contain a DNA construct of the present invention, can be identified by well-known techniques such as PCR. Alternatively, the presence of the protein in the supernatant can be detected using antibodies.

It will be appreciated that certain host cells of the invention are useful in the preparation of the peptides of the invention, for example bacterial, yeast and insect cells. However, other host cells may be useful in certain therapeutic methods. For example, antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, may usefully be used to express the peptides of the invention such that they may be loaded into appropriate MHC molecules. Thus, the current invention provides a host cell comprising a nucleic acid or an expression vector according to the invention.

In a preferred embodiment the host cell is an antigen presenting cell, in particular a dendritic cell or antigen presenting cell. APCs loaded with a recombinant fusion protein containing prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Apr. 29, 2010, to treat asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic HRPC (Sipuleucel-T) (Rini et al., 2006; Small et al., 2006).

A further aspect of the invention provides a method of producing a peptide or its variant, the method comprising culturing a host cell and isolating the peptide from the host cell or its culture medium.

In another embodiment, the peptide, the nucleic acid or the expression vector of the invention are used in medicine. For example, the peptide or its variant may be prepared for intravenous (i.v.) injection, sub-cutaneous (s.c.) injection, intradermal (i.d.) injection, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, intramuscular (i.m.) injection. Preferred methods of peptide injection include s.c., i.d., i.p., i.m., and i.v. Preferred methods of DNA injection include i.d., i.m., s.c., i.p. and i.v. Doses of e.g. between 50 μg and 1.5 mg, preferably 125 μg to 500 μg, of peptide or DNA may be given and will depend on the respective peptide or DNA. Dosages of this range were successfully used in previous trials (Walter et al., 2012).

The polynucleotide used for active vaccination may be substantially pure or contained in a suitable vector or delivery system. The nucleic acid may be DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or a combination thereof. Methods for designing and introducing such a nucleic acid are well known in the art. An overview is provided by e.g. Teufel et al. (Teufel et al., 2005). Polynucleotide vaccines are easy to prepare, but the mode of action of these vectors in inducing an immune response is not fully understood. Suitable vectors and delivery systems include viral DNA and/or RNA, such as systems based on adenovirus, vaccinia virus, retroviruses, herpes virus, adeno-associated virus or hybrids containing elements of more than one virus. Non-viral delivery systems include cationic lipids and cationic polymers and are well known in the art of DNA delivery. Physical delivery, such as via a “gene-gun” may also be used. The peptide or peptides encoded by the nucleic acid may be a fusion protein, for example with an epitope that stimulates T cells for the respective opposite CDR as noted above.

The medicament of the invention may also include one or more adjuvants. Adjuvants are substances that non-specifically enhance or potentiate the immune response (e.g., immune responses mediated by CD8-positive T cells and helper-T (TH) cells to an antigen and would thus be considered useful in the medicament of the present invention. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, 1018 ISS, aluminum salts, AMPLIVAX®, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, dSLIM, flagellin or TLR5 ligands derived from flagellin, FLT3 ligand, GM-CSF, 1030, 1031, Imiquimod (ALDARA®), resiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, Interleukins as IL-2, IL-13, IL-21, Interferon-alpha or -beta, or pegylated derivatives thereof, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMATRIX, ISCOMs, Juvlmmune®, LipoVac, MALP2, MF59, monophosphoryl lipid A, Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions, OK-432, OM-174, OM-197-MP-EC, ONTAK, OspA, PepTel® vector system, poly(lactid co-glycolid) [PLG]-based and dextran microparticles, talactoferrin SRL172, Virosomes and other Virus-like particles, YF-17D, VEGF trap, R848, beta-glucan, Pam3Cys, Aquila's QS21 stimulon, which is derived from saponin, mycobacterial extracts and synthetic bacterial cell wall mimics, and other proprietary adjuvants such as Ribi's Detox, Quil, or Superfos. Adjuvants such as Freund's or GM-CSF are preferred. Several immunological adjuvants (e.g., MF59) specific for dendritic cells and their preparation have been described previously (Allison and Krummel, 1995). Also, cytokines may be used. Several cytokines have been directly linked to influencing dendritic cell migration to lymphoid tissues (e.g., TNF-), accelerating the maturation of dendritic cells into efficient antigen-presenting cells for T-lymphocytes (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-1 and IL-4) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,589, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) and acting as immunoadjuvants (e.g., IL-12, IL-15, IL-23, IL-7, IFN-alpha. IFN-beta) (Gabrilovich et al., 1996).

CpG immunostimulatory oligonucleotides have also been reported to enhance the effects of adjuvants in a vaccine setting. Without being bound by theory, CpG oligonucleotides act by activating the innate (non-adaptive) immune system via Toll-like receptors (TLR), mainly TLR9. CpG triggered TLR9 activation enhances antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses to a wide variety of antigens, including peptide or protein antigens, live or killed viruses, dendritic cell vaccines, autologous cellular vaccines and polysaccharide conjugates in both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. More importantly it enhances dendritic cell maturation and differentiation, resulting in enhanced activation of TH1 cells and strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) generation, even in the absence of CD4 T cell help. The TH1 bias induced by TLR9 stimulation is maintained even in the presence of vaccine adjuvants such as alum or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) that normally promote a TH2 bias. CpG oligonucleotides show even greater adjuvant activity when formulated or co-administered with other adjuvants or in formulations such as microparticles, nanoparticles, lipid emulsions or similar formulations, which are especially necessary for inducing a strong response when the antigen is relatively weak. They also accelerate the immune response and enable the antigen doses to be reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude, with comparable antibody responses to the full-dose vaccine without CpG in some experiments (Krieg, 2006). U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,705 B1 describes the combined use of CpG oligonucleotides, non-nucleic acid adjuvants and an antigen to induce an antigen-specific immune response. A CpG TLR9 antagonist is dSLIM (double Stem Loop Immunomodulator) by Mologen (Berlin, Germany) which is a preferred component of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Other TLR binding molecules such as RNA binding TLR 7, TLR 8 and/or TLR 9 may also be used.

Other examples for useful adjuvants include, but are not limited to chemically modified CpGs (e.g. CpR, Idera), dsRNA analogues such as Poly(I:C) and derivates thereof (e.g. AmpliGen®, Hiltonol®, poly-(ICLC), poly(IC-R), poly(I:C12U), non-CpG bacterial DNA or RNA as well as immunoactive small molecules and antibodies such as cyclophosphamide, sunitinib, immune checkpoint inhibitors including ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, and cemiplimab, Bevacizumab®, celebrex, NCX-4016, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, sorafenib, temozolomide, temsirolimus, XL-999, CP-547632, pazopanib, VEGF Trap, ZD2171, AZD2171, anti-CTLA4, other antibodies targeting key structures of the immune system (e.g. anti-CD40, anti-TGFbeta, anti-TNFalpha receptor) and SC58175, which may act therapeutically and/or as an adjuvant. The amounts and concentrations of adjuvants and additives useful in the context of the present invention can readily be determined by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation.

Preferred adjuvants are anti-CD40, imiquimod, resiquimod, GM-CSF, cyclophosphamide, sunitinib, atezolizumab, bevacizumab, interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, CpG oligonucleotides and derivatives, poly-(I:C) and derivatives, RNA, sildenafil, particulate formulations with PLG, virosomes, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-21, and IL-23.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of colony-stimulating factors, such as Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF, sargramostim), cyclophosphamide, imiquimod, resiquimod, and interferon-alpha.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of colony-stimulating factors, such as Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF, sargramostim), cyclophosphamide, imiquimod and resiquimod. In a preferred embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, the adjuvant is cyclophosphamide, imiquimod or resiquimod. Even more preferred adjuvants are Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, poly-ICLC (Hiltonol®) and anti-CD40 mAB, or combinations thereof.

This composition is used for parenteral administration, such as subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular or oral administration. For this, the peptides and optionally other molecules are dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable, preferably aqueous carrier. In addition, the composition can contain excipients, such as buffers, binding agents, blasting agents, diluents, flavors, lubricants, etc. The peptides can also be administered together with immune stimulating substances, such as cytokines. An extensive listing of excipients that can be used in such a composition, can be, for example, taken from A. Kibbe, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (Kibbe, 2000). The composition can be used for a prevention, prophylaxis and/or therapy of adenomatous or cancerous diseases. Exemplary formulations can be found in, for example, EP2112253.

It is important to realize that the immune response triggered by the vaccine according to the invention attacks the cancer in different cell-stages and different stages of development. Furthermore, different cancer associated signaling pathways are attacked. This is an advantage over vaccines that address only one or few targets, which may cause the tumor to easily adapt to the attack (tumor escape). Furthermore, not all individual tumors express the same pattern of antigens. Therefore, a combination of several tumor-associated peptides ensures that every single tumor bears at least some of the targets. The composition is designed in such a way that each tumor is expected to express several of the antigens and cover several independent pathways necessary for tumor growth and maintenance. Thus, the vaccine can easily be used “off-the-shelf” for a larger patient population. This means that a pre-selection of patients to be treated with the vaccine can be restricted to HLA typing, does not require any additional biomarker assessments for antigen expression, but it is still ensured that several targets are simultaneously attacked by the induced immune response, which is important for efficacy (Banchereau et al., 2001; Walter et al., 2012).

As used herein, the term “scaffold” refers to a molecule that specifically binds to an (e.g. antigenic) determinant. In one embodiment, a scaffold is able to direct the entity to which it is attached (e.g. a (second) antigen binding moiety) to a target site, for example to a specific type of tumor cell or tumor stroma bearing the antigenic determinant (e.g. the complex of a peptide with MHC, according to the application at hand). In another embodiment a scaffold is able to activate signaling through its target antigen, for example a T cell receptor complex antigen. Scaffolds include but are not limited to antibodies and fragments thereof, antigen binding domains of an antibody, comprising an antibody heavy chain variable region and an antibody light chain variable region, binding proteins comprising at least one ankyrin repeat motif and single domain antigen binding (SDAB) molecules, aptamers, (soluble) TCRs and (modified) cells such as allogenic or autologous T cells. To assess whether a molecule is a scaffold binding to a target, binding assays can be performed.

“Specific” binding means that the scaffold binds the peptide-MHC-complex of interest better than other naturally occurring peptide-MHC-complexes, to an extent that a scaffold armed with an active molecule that is able to kill a cell bearing the specific target is not able to kill another cell without the specific target but presenting other peptide-MHC complex(es). Binding to other peptide-MHC complexes is irrelevant if the peptide of the cross-reactive peptide-MHC is not naturally occurring, i.e. not derived from the human HLA-peptidome. Tests to assess target cell killing are well known in the art. They should be performed using target cells (primary cells or cell lines) with unaltered peptide-MHC presentation, or cells loaded with peptides such that naturally occurring peptide-MHC levels are reached.

Each scaffold can comprise a labelling which provides that the bound scaffold can be detected by determining the presence or absence of a signal provided by the label. For example, the scaffold can be labelled with a fluorescent dye or any other applicable cellular marker molecule. Such marker molecules are well known in the art. For example, a fluorescence-labelling, for example provided by a fluorescence dye, can provide a visualization of the bound aptamer by fluorescence or laser scanning microscopy or flow cytometry.

Each scaffold can be conjugated with a second active molecule such as for example IL-21, anti-CD3, and anti-CD28.

For further information on polypeptide scaffolds see for example the background section of WO 2014/071978A1 and the references cited therein.

The present invention further relates to aptamers. Aptamers (see for example WO 2014/191359 and the literature as cited therein) are short single-stranded nucleic acid molecules, which can fold into defined three-dimensional structures and recognize specific target structures. They have appeared to be suitable alternatives for developing targeted therapies. Aptamers have been shown to selectively bind to a variety of complex targets with high affinity and specificity.

Aptamers recognizing cell surface located molecules have been identified within the past decade and provide means for developing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Since aptamers have been shown to possess almost no toxicity and immunogenicity they are promising candidates for biomedical applications. Indeed aptamers, for example prostate-specific membrane-antigen recognizing aptamers, have been successfully employed for targeted therapies and shown to be functional in xenograft in vivo models. Furthermore, aptamers recognizing specific tumor cell lines have been identified.

DNA aptamers can be selected to reveal broad-spectrum recognition properties for various cancer cells, and particularly those derived from solid tumors, while non-tumorigenic and primary healthy cells are not recognized. If the identified aptamers recognize not only a specific tumor sub-type but rather interact with a series of tumors, this renders the aptamers applicable as so-called broad-spectrum diagnostics and therapeutics.

Further, investigation of cell-binding behavior with flow cytometry showed that the aptamers revealed very good apparent affinities that are within the nanomolar range.

Aptamers are useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Further, it could be shown that some of the aptamers are taken up by tumor cells and thus can function as molecular vehicles for the targeted delivery of anti-cancer agents such as siRNA into tumor cells.

Aptamers can be selected against complex targets such as cells and tissues and complexes of the peptides comprising, preferably consisting of, a sequence according to any of SEQ ID NO 1 to SEQ ID NO 398, according to the invention at hand with the MHC molecule, using the cell-SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment) technique.

The peptides of the present invention can be used to generate and develop specific antibodies against MHC/peptide complexes. These can be used for therapy, targeting toxins or radioactive substances to the diseased tissue. Another use of these antibodies can be targeting radionuclides to the diseased tissue for imaging purposes such as PET. This use can help to detect small metastases or to determine the size and precise localization of diseased tissues.

Therefore, it is a further aspect of the invention to provide a method for producing a recombinant antibody specifically binding to a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II being complexed with a HLA-restricted antigen (preferably a peptide according to the present invention), the method comprising: immunizing a genetically engineered non-human mammal comprising cells expressing said human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II with a soluble form of a MHC class I or II molecule being complexed with said HLA-restricted antigen; isolating mRNA molecules from antibody producing cells of said non-human mammal; producing a phage display library displaying protein molecules encoded by said mRNA molecules; and isolating at least one phage from said phage display library, said at least one phage displaying said antibody specifically binding to said human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II being complexed with said HLA-restricted antigen.

It is thus a further aspect of the invention to provide an antibody that specifically binds to a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II being complexed with an HLA-restricted antigen, wherein the antibody preferably is a polyclonal antibody, monoclonal antibody, bi-specific antibody and/or a chimeric antibody.

Respective methods for producing such antibodies and single chain class I major histocompatibility complexes, as well as other tools for the production of these antibodies are disclosed in WO 03/068201, WO 2004/084798, WO 01/72768, WO 03/070752, and in publications (Cohen et al., 2003a; Cohen et al., 2003b; Denkberg et al., 2003), which for the purposes of the present invention are all explicitly incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Preferably, the antibody is binding with a binding affinity of below 20 nanomolar, preferably of below 10 nanomolar, to the complex, which is also regarded as “specific” in the context of the present invention.

The present invention relates to a peptide comprising a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398, or a variant thereof which is at least 88% homologous (preferably identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398 or a variant thereof that induces T cells cross-reacting with said peptide, wherein said peptide is not the underlying full-length polypeptide.

The present invention further relates to a peptide comprising a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398 or a variant thereof which is at least 88% homologous (preferably identical) to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398, wherein said peptide or variant has an overall length of between 8 and 100, preferably between 8 and 30, and most preferred between 8 and 14 amino acids.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention that have the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or -II.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention wherein the peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention, wherein the peptide is (chemically) modified and/or includes non-peptide bonds.

The present invention further relates to the peptides according to the invention, wherein the peptide is part of a fusion protein, in particular comprising N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (Ii), or wherein the peptide is fused to (or into) an antibody, such as, for example, an antibody that is specific for dendritic cells.

The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid, encoding the peptides according to the invention, provided that the peptide is not the complete (full) human protein.

The present invention further relates to the nucleic acid according to the invention that is DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof.

The present invention further relates to an expression vector capable of expressing a nucleic acid according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a peptide according to the present invention, a nucleic acid according to the present invention or an expression vector according to the present invention for use in medicine, in particular in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

The present invention further relates to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention or an expression vector according to the invention.

The present invention further relates to the host cell according to the present invention that is an antigen presenting cell, and preferably a dendritic cell.

The present invention further relates to a method of producing a peptide according to the present invention, said method comprising culturing the host cell according to the present invention, and isolating the peptide from said host cell or its culture medium.

The present invention further relates to the method according to the present invention, where-in the antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of the antigen with an antigen-presenting cell.

The present invention further relates to the method according to the invention, wherein the antigen-presenting cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing said peptide containing SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398 or said variant amino acid sequence.

The present invention further relates to activated T cells, produced by the method according to the present invention, wherein said T cells selectively recognizes a cell which aberrantly expresses a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence according to the present invention.

In an aspect, the activated T cells may be produced by contacting in vitro T cells with antigen loaded human class I or II MHC molecules presented on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell or an artificial construct mimicking an antigen-presenting cell for a period of time sufficient to activate said T cells.

The present invention further relates to a method of killing target cells in a patient, in which the target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising any amino acid sequence according to the present invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a method of treating a patient who has cancer, in which the cancer cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising any amino acid sequence according to the present invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as produced according to the present invention.

The present invention further relates to a method of eliciting an immune response in a patient who has cancer, in which the cancer cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising any amino acid sequence according to the present invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as produced according to the present invention.

In an aspect, the T cells may be autologous to the patient. In another aspect, the T cells may be obtained from a healthy donor. In another aspect, the T cells may be derived from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In another aspect, the immune response may include cytotoxic T cell response.

The present invention further relates to the use of any peptide described, a nucleic acid according to the present invention, an expression vector according to the present invention, a cell according to the present invention, or an activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte according to the present invention as a medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament. The present invention further relates to a use according to the present invention, wherein the medicament is active against cancer.

The present invention further relates to a use according to the invention, wherein the medicament is a vaccine. The present invention further relates to a use according to the invention, wherein the medicament is active against cancer.

The present invention further relates to a use according to the invention, wherein said cancer cells are acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cells or other solid or hematological tumor cells such as acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

The present invention further relates to particular marker proteins and biomarkers based on the peptides according to the present invention, herein called “targets” that can be used in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer. The present invention also relates to the use of these novel targets for cancer treatment.

The term “antibody” or “antibodies” is used herein in a broad sense and includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In addition to intact or “full” immunoglobulin molecules, also included in the term “antibodies” are fragments (e.g. CDRs, Fv, Fab and Fc fragments) or polymers of those immunoglobulin molecules and humanized versions of immunoglobulin molecules, as long as they exhibit any of the desired properties (e.g., specific binding of an acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer marker (poly) peptide, delivery of a toxin to an acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cell expressing a cancer marker gene at an increased level, and/or inhibiting the activity of an acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer marker polypeptide) according to the invention.

Whenever possible, the antibodies of the invention may be purchased from commercial sources. The antibodies of the invention may also be generated using well-known methods. The skilled artisan will understand that either full length acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer marker polypeptides or fragments thereof may be used to generate the antibodies of the invention. A polypeptide to be used for generating an antibody of the invention may be partially or fully purified from a natural source or may be produced using recombinant DNA techniques.

For example, a cDNA encoding a peptide according to the present invention, such as a peptide according to SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398 polypeptide, or a variant or fragment thereof, can be expressed in prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) or eukaryotic cells (e.g., yeast, insect, or mammalian cells), after which the recombinant protein can be purified and used to generate a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody preparation that specifically bind the acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer marker polypeptide used to generate the antibody according to the invention.

One of skill in the art will realize that the generation of two or more different sets of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies maximizes the likelihood of obtaining an antibody with the specificity and affinity required for its intended use (e.g., ELISA, immunohistochemistry, in vivo imaging, immunotoxin therapy). The antibodies are tested for their desired activity by known methods, in accordance with the purpose for which the antibodies are to be used (e.g., ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunotherapy, etc.; for further guidance on the generation and testing of antibodies, see, e.g., Greenfield, 2014 (Greenfield, 2014)). For example, the antibodies may be tested in ELISA assays or, Western blots, immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed cancers or frozen tissue sections. After their initial in vitro characterization, antibodies intended for therapeutic or in vivo diagnostic use are tested according to known clinical testing methods.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, i.e.; the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric” antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired antagonistic activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety).

Monoclonal antibodies of the invention may be prepared using hybridoma methods. In a hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal is typically immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent. Alternatively, the lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro.

The monoclonal antibodies may also be made by recombinant DNA methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies).

In vitro methods are also suitable for preparing monovalent antibodies. Digestion of antibodies to produce fragments thereof, particularly Fab fragments, can be accomplished using routine techniques known in the art. For instance, digestion can be performed using papain. Examples of papain digestion are described in WO 94/29348 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,566. Papain digestion of antibodies typically produces two identical antigen binding fragments, called Fab fragments, each with a single antigen binding site, and a residual Fc fragment. Pepsin treatment yields a F(ab′)2 fragment and a pFc′ fragment.

The antibody fragments, whether attached to other sequences or not, can also include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of particular regions or specific amino acids residues, provided the activity of the fragment is not significantly altered or impaired compared to the non-modified antibody or antibody fragment. These modifications can provide for some additional property, such as to remove/add amino acids capable of disulfide bonding, to increase its bio-longevity, to alter its secretory characteristics, etc. In any case, the antibody fragment must possess a bioactive property, such as binding activity, regulation of binding at the binding domain, etc. Functional or active regions of the antibody may be identified by mutagenesis of a specific region of the protein, followed by expression and testing of the expressed polypeptide. Such methods are readily apparent to a skilled practitioner in the art and can include site-specific mutagenesis of the nucleic acid encoding the antibody fragment.

The antibodies of the invention may further comprise humanized antibodies or human antibodies. Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab′ or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies include human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.

Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.

Transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production can be employed. For example, it has been described that the homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy chain joining region gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production. Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. Human antibodies can also be produced in phage display libraries.

Antibodies of the invention are preferably administered to a subject in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Typically, an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt is used in the formulation to render the formulation isotonic. Examples of the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier include saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. The pH of the solution is preferably from about 5 to about 8, and more preferably from about 7 to about 7.5. Further carriers include sustained release preparations such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, liposomes or microparticles. It will be apparent to those persons skilled in the art that certain carriers may be more preferable depending upon, for instance, the route of administration and concentration of antibody being administered.

The antibodies can be administered to the subject, patient, or cell by injection (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular), or by other methods such as infusion that ensure its delivery to the bloodstream in an effective form. The antibodies may also be administered by intratumoral or peritumoral routes, to exert local as well as systemic therapeutic effects. Local or intravenous injection is preferred.

Effective dosages and schedules for administering the antibodies may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art will understand that the dosage of antibodies that must be administered will vary depending on, for example, the subject that will receive the antibody, the route of administration, the particular type of antibody used and other drugs being administered. A typical daily dosage of the antibody used alone might range from about 1 (μg/kg to up to 100 mg/kg of body weight or more per day, depending on the factors mentioned above. Following administration of an antibody, preferably for treating acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, the efficacy of the therapeutic antibody can be assessed in various ways well known to the skilled practitioner. For instance, the size, number, and/or distribution of cancer in a subject receiving treatment may be monitored using standard tumor imaging techniques. A therapeutically-administered antibody that arrests tumor growth, results in tumor shrinkage, and/or prevents the development of new tumors, compared to the disease course that would occurs in the absence of antibody administration, is an efficacious antibody for treatment of cancer.

It is a further aspect of the invention to provide a method for producing a soluble T-cell receptor (sTCR) recognizing a specific peptide-MHC complex. Such soluble T-cell receptors can be generated from specific T-cell clones, and their affinity can be increased by mutagenesis targeting the complementarity-determining regions. For the purpose of T-cell receptor selection, phage display can be used (US 2010/0113300, (Liddy et al., 2012)). For the purpose of stabilization of T-cell receptors during phage display and in case of practical use as drug, alpha and beta chain can be linked e.g. by non-native disulfide bonds, other covalent bonds (single-chain T-cell receptor), or by dimerization domains (Boulter et al., 2003; Card et al., 2004; Willcox et al., 1999). The T-cell receptor can be linked to toxins, drugs, cytokines (see, for example, US 2013/0115191), and domains recruiting effector cells such as an anti-CD3 domain, etc., in order to execute particular functions on target cells. Moreover, it could be expressed in T cells used for adoptive transfer. Further information can be found in WO 2004/033685A1 and WO 2004/074322A1. A combination of sTCRs is described in WO 2012/056407A1. Further methods for the production are disclosed in WO 2013/057586A1.

In addition, the peptides and/or the TCRs or antibodies or other binding molecules of the present invention can be used to verify a pathologist's diagnosis of a cancer based on a biopsied sample.

The antibodies or TCRs may also be used for in vivo diagnostic assays. Generally, the antibody is labeled with a radionucleotide (such as ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹⁴C, ¹³¹I, ³H, ³²P or ³⁵S)) so that the tumor can be localized using immunoscintiography. In one embodiment, antibodies or fragments thereof bind to the extracellular domains of two or more targets of a protein selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned proteins, and the affinity value (Kd) is less than 1×10 μM.

Antibodies for diagnostic use may be labeled with probes suitable for detection by various imaging methods. Methods for detection of probes include, but are not limited to, fluorescence, light, confocal and electron microscopy; magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy; fluoroscopy, computed tomography and positron emission tomography. Suitable probes include, but are not limited to, fluorescein, rhodamine, eosin and other fluorophores, radioisotopes, gold, gadolinium and other lanthanides, paramagnetic iron, fluorine-18 and other positron-emitting radionuclides. Additionally, probes may be bi- or multi-functional and be detectable by more than one of the methods listed. These antibodies may be directly or indirectly labeled with said probes. Attachment of probes to the antibodies includes covalent attachment of the probe, incorporation of the probe into the antibody, and the covalent attachment of a chelating compound for binding of probe, amongst others well recognized in the art. For immunohistochemistry, the disease tissue sample may be fresh or frozen or may be embedded in paraffin and fixed with a preservative such as formalin. The fixed or embedded section contains the sample are contacted with a labeled primary antibody and secondary antibody, wherein the antibody is used to detect the expression of the proteins in situ.

Another aspect of the present invention includes an in vitro method for producing activated T cells, the method comprising contacting in vitro T cells with antigen loaded human MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell for a period of time sufficient to activate the T cell in an antigen specific manner, wherein the antigen is a peptide according to the invention. Preferably a sufficient amount of the antigen is used with an antigen-presenting cell.

Preferably the mammalian cell lacks or has a reduced level or function of the TAP peptide transporter. Suitable cells that lack the TAP peptide transporter include T2, RMA-S and Drosophila cells. TAP is the transporter associated with antigen processing.

The human peptide loading deficient cell line T2 is available from the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA under Catalogue No CRL 1992; the Drosophila cell line Schneider line 2 is available from the ATCC under Catalogue No CRL 19863; the mouse RMA-S cell line is described in Ljunggren et al. (Ljunggren and Karre, 1985).

Preferably, before transfection the host cell expresses substantially no MHC class I molecules. It is also preferred that the stimulator cell expresses a molecule important for providing a co-stimulatory signal for T-cells such as any of B7.1, B7.2, ICAM-1 and LFA 3. The nucleic acid sequences of numerous MHC class I molecules and of the co-stimulator molecules are publicly available from the GenBank and EMBL databases.

In case of an MHC class I epitope being used as an antigen; the T cells are CD8-positive T cells.

If an antigen-presenting cell is transfected to express such an epitope, preferably the cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing a peptide containing SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 398, or a variant amino acid sequence thereof.

A number of other methods may be used for generating T cells in vitro. For example, autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can be used in the generation of CTL. Plebanski et al. (Plebanski et al., 1995) made use of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PLBs) in the preparation of T cells. Furthermore, the production of autologous T cells by pulsing dendritic cells with peptide or polypeptide, or via infection with recombinant virus is possible. Also, B cells can be used in the production of autologous T cells. In addition, macrophages pulsed with peptide or polypeptide, or infected with recombinant virus, may be used in the preparation of autologous T cells. S. Walter et al. (Walter et al., 2003) describe the in vitro priming of T cells by using artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs), which is also a suitable way for generating T cells against the peptide of choice. In the present invention, aAPCs were generated by the coupling of preformed MHC:peptide complexes to the surface of polystyrene particles (microbeads) by biotin:streptavidin biochemistry. This system permits the exact control of the MHC density on aAPCs, which allows to selectively elicit high- or low-avidity antigen-specific T cell responses with high efficiency from blood samples. Apart from MHC:peptide complexes, aAPCs should carry other proteins with co-stimulatory activity like anti-CD28 antibodies coupled to their surface. Furthermore, such aAPC-based systems often require the addition of appropriate soluble factors, e. g. cytokines, like interleukin-12.

Allogeneic cells may also be used in the preparation of T cells and a method is described in detail in WO 97/26328, incorporated herein by reference. For example, in addition to Drosophila cells and T2 cells, other cells may be used to present antigens such as CHO cells, baculovirus-infected insect cells, bacteria, yeast, and vaccinia-infected target cells. In addition plant viruses may be used (see, for example, Porta et al. (Porta et al., 1994) which describes the development of cowpea mosaic virus as a high-yielding system for the presentation of foreign peptides.

The activated T cells that are directed against the peptides of the invention are useful in therapy. Thus, a further aspect of the invention provides activated T cells obtainable by the foregoing methods of the invention.

Activated T cells, which are produced by the above method, will selectively recognize a cell that aberrantly expresses a polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 398.

Preferably, the T cell recognizes the cell by interacting through its TCR with the HLA/peptide-complex (for example, binding). The T cells are useful in a method of killing target cells in a patient whose target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of the invention wherein the patient is administered an effective number of the activated T cells. The T cells that are administered to the patient may be derived from the patient and activated as described above (i.e. they are autologous T cells). Alternatively, the T cells are not from the patient but are from another individual. Of course, it is preferred if the individual is a healthy individual. By “healthy individual” the inventors mean that the individual is generally in good health, preferably has a competent immune system and, more preferably, is not suffering from any disease that can be readily tested for and detected.

In vivo, the target cells for the CD8-positive T cells according to the present invention can be cells of the tumor (which sometimes express MHC class II) and/or stromal cells surrounding the tumor (tumor cells) (which sometimes also express MHC class II; (Dengjel et al., 2006)).

The T cells of the present invention may be used as active ingredients of a therapeutic composition. Thus, the invention also provides a method of killing target cells in a patient whose target cells aberrantly express a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of the invention, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of T cells as defined above.

By “aberrantly expressed” the inventors also mean that the polypeptide is over-expressed compared to levels of expression in normal tissues or that the gene is silent in the tissue from which the tumor is derived but, in the tumor, it is expressed. By “over-expressed” the inventors mean that the polypeptide is present at a level at least 1.2-fold of that present in normal tissue; preferably at least 2-fold, and more preferably at least 5-fold or 10-fold the level present in normal tissue.

T cells may be obtained by methods known in the art, e.g. those described above.

Protocols for this so-called adoptive transfer of T cells are well known in the art. Reviews can be found in: Gattioni et al. and Morgan et al. (Gattinoni et al., 2006; Morgan et al., 2006).

Another aspect of the present invention includes the use of the peptides complexed with MHC to generate a T-cell receptor whose nucleic acid is cloned and is introduced into a host cell, preferably a T cell. This engineered T cell can then be transferred to a patient for therapy of cancer.

Any molecule of the invention, i.e. the peptide, nucleic acid, antibody, expression vector, cell, activated T cell, T-cell receptor or the nucleic acid encoding it, is useful for the treatment of disorders, characterized by cells escaping an immune response. Therefore, any molecule of the present invention may be used as medicament or in the manufacture of a medicament. The molecule may be used by itself or combined with other molecule(s) of the invention or (a) known molecule(s).

The present invention is further directed at a kit comprising:

(a) a container containing a pharmaceutical composition as described above, in solution or in lyophilized form;

(b) optionally a second container containing a diluent or reconstituting solution for the lyophilized formulation; and

(c) optionally, instructions for (i) use of the solution or (ii) reconstitution and/or use of the lyophilized formulation.

The kit may further comprise one or more of (iii) a buffer, (iv) a diluent, (v) a filter, (vi) a needle, or (v) a syringe. The container is preferably a bottle, a vial, a syringe or test tube; and it may be a multi-use container. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably lyophilized.

Kits of the present invention preferably comprise a lyophilized formulation of the present invention in a suitable container and instructions for its reconstitution and/or use. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials (e.g. dual chamber vials), syringes (such as dual chamber syringes) and test tubes. The container may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. Preferably the kit and/or container contain/s instructions on or associated with the container that indicates directions for reconstitution and/or use. For example, the label may indicate that the lyophilized formulation is to be reconstituted to peptide concentrations as described above. The label may further indicate that the formulation is useful or intended for subcutaneous administration.

The container holding the formulation may be a multi-use vial, which allows for repeat administrations (e.g., from 2-6 administrations) of the reconstituted formulation. The kit may further comprise a second container comprising a suitable diluent (e.g., sodium bicarbonate solution).

Upon mixing of the diluent and the lyophilized formulation, the final peptide concentration in the reconstituted formulation is preferably at least 0.15 mg/mUpeptide (=75 μg) and preferably not more than 3 mg/mL/peptide (=1500 μg). The kit may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.

Kits of the present invention may have a single container that contains the formulation of the pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention with or without other components (e.g., other compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of these other compounds) or may have distinct container for each component.

Preferably, kits of the invention include a formulation of the invention packaged for use in combination with the co-administration of a second compound (such as adjuvants (e.g. GM-CSF), a chemotherapeutic agent, a natural product, a hormone or antagonist, an anti-angiogenesis agent or inhibitor, an apoptosis-inducing agent or a chelator) or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. The components of the kit may be pre-complexed or each component may be in a separate distinct container prior to administration to a patient. The components of the kit may be provided in one or more liquid solutions, preferably, an aqueous solution, more preferably, a sterile aqueous solution. The components of the kit may also be provided as solids, which may be converted into liquids by addition of suitable solvents, which are preferably provided in another distinct container.

The container of a therapeutic kit may be a vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe, or any other means of enclosing a solid or liquid. Usually, when there is more than one component, the kit will contain a second vial or other container, which allows for separate dosing. The kit may also contain another container for a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid. Preferably, a therapeutic kit will contain an apparatus (e.g., one or more needles, syringes, eye droppers, pipette, etc.), which enables administration of the agents of the invention that are components of the present kit.

The present formulation is one that is suitable for administration of the peptides by any acceptable route such as oral (enteral), nasal, ophthal, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous or transdermal. Preferably, the administration is s.c., and most preferably i.d. administration may be by infusion pump.

Since the peptides of the invention were isolated from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer, the medicament of the invention is preferably used to treat acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.

The present invention further relates to a method for producing a personalized pharmaceutical for an individual patient comprising manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one peptide selected from a warehouse of pre-screened TUMAPs, wherein the at least one peptide used in the pharmaceutical composition is selected for suitability in the individual patient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is a vaccine. The method could also be adapted to produce T cell clones for down-stream applications, such as TCR isolations, or soluble antibodies, and other treatment options.

A “personalized pharmaceutical” shall mean specifically tailored therapies for one individual patient that will only be used for therapy in such individual patient, including actively personalized cancer vaccines and adoptive cellular therapies using autologous patient tissue.

As used herein, the term “warehouse” shall refer to a group or set of peptides that have been pre-screened for immunogenicity and/or over-presentation in a particular tumor type. The term “warehouse” is not intended to imply that the particular peptides included in the vaccine have been pre-manufactured and stored in a physical facility, although that possibility is contemplated. It is expressly contemplated that the peptides may be manufactured de novo for each individualized vaccine produced or may be pre-manufactured and stored. The warehouse (e.g. in the form of a database) is composed of tumor-associated peptides which were highly overexpressed in the tumor tissue of acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer patients with various HLA-A HLA-B and HLA-C alleles. It may contain MHC class I and MHC class II peptides or elongated MHC class I peptides. In addition to the tumor associated peptides collected from several acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer tissues, the warehouse may contain HLA-A*02, HLA-A*01, HLA-A*03, HLA-A*24, HLA-B*07, HLA-B*08 and HLA-B*44 marker peptides. These peptides allow comparison of the magnitude of T-cell immunity induced by TUMAPS in a quantitative manner and hence allow important conclusion to be drawn on the capacity of the vaccine to elicit anti-tumor responses. Secondly, they function as important positive control peptides derived from a “non-self” antigen in the case that any vaccine-induced T-cell responses to TUMAPs derived from “self” antigens in a patient are not observed. And thirdly, it may allow conclusions to be drawn, regarding the status of immunocompetence of the patient.

TUMAPs for the warehouse are identified by using an integrated functional genomics approach combining gene expression analysis, mass spectrometry, and T-cell immunology (XPresident®). The approach assures that only TUMAPs truly present on a high percentage of tumors but not or only minimally expressed on normal tissue, are chosen for further analysis. For initial peptide selection, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples from patients and blood from healthy donors were analyzed in a stepwise approach:

1. HLA ligands from the malignant material were identified by mass spectrometry

2. Genome-wide messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression analysis was used to identify genes over-expressed in the malignant tissue (acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer) compared with a range of normal organs and tissues

3. Identified HLA ligands were compared to gene expression data. Peptides over-presented or selectively presented on tumor tissue, preferably encoded by selectively expressed or over-expressed genes as detected in step 2 were considered suitable TUMAP candidates for a multi-peptide vaccine.

4. Literature research was performed in order to identify additional evidence supporting the relevance of the identified peptides as TUMAPs

5. The relevance of over-expression at the mRNA level was confirmed by redetection of selected TUMAPs from step 3 on tumor tissue and lack of (or infrequent) detection on healthy tissues.

6. In order to assess, whether an induction of in vivo T-cell responses by the selected peptides may be feasible, in vitro immunogenicity assays were performed using human T cells from healthy donors as well as from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer patients.

In an aspect, the peptides are pre-screened for immunogenicity before being included in the warehouse. By way of example, and not limitation, the immunogenicity of the peptides included in the warehouse is determined by a method comprising in vitro T-cell priming through repeated stimulations of CD8+ T cells from healthy donors with artificial antigen presenting cells loaded with peptide/MHC complexes and anti-CD28 antibody.

This method is preferred for rare cancers and patients with a rare expression profile. In contrast to multi-peptide cocktails with a fixed composition as currently developed, the warehouse allows a significantly higher matching of the actual expression of antigens in the tumor with the vaccine. Selected single or combinations of several “off-the-shelf” peptides will be used for each patient in a multitarget approach. In theory an approach based on selection of e.g. 5 different antigenic peptides from a library of 50 would already lead to approximately 17 million possible drug product (DP) compositions.

In an aspect, the peptides are selected for inclusion in the vaccine based on their suitability for the individual patient based on the method according to the present invention as described herein, or as below.

The HLA phenotype, transcriptomic and peptidomic data is gathered from the patient's tumor material, and blood samples to identify the most suitable peptides for each patient containing “warehouse” and patient-unique (i.e. mutated) TUMAPs. Those peptides will be chosen, which are selectively or over-expressed in the patient's tumor and, where possible, show strong in vitro immunogenicity if tested with the patients' individual PBMCs.

Preferably, the peptides included in the vaccine are identified by a method comprising: (a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from the individual patient; (b) comparing the peptides identified in (a) with a warehouse (database) of peptides as described above; and (c) selecting at least one peptide from the warehouse (database) that correlates with a tumor-associated peptide identified in the patient. For example, the TUMAPs presented by the tumor sample are identified by: (a1) comparing expression data from the tumor sample to expression data from a sample of normal tissue corresponding to the tissue type of the tumor sample to identify proteins that are over-expressed or aberrantly expressed in the tumor sample; and (a2) correlating the expression data with sequences of MHC ligands bound to MHC class I and/or class II molecules in the tumor sample to identify MHC ligands derived from proteins over-expressed or aberrantly expressed by the tumor. Preferably, the sequences of MHC ligands are identified by eluting bound peptides from MHC molecules isolated from the tumor sample and sequencing the eluted ligands. Preferably, the tumor sample and the normal tissue are obtained from the same patient.

In addition to, or as an alternative to, selecting peptides using a warehousing (database) model, TUMAPs may be identified in the patient de novo, and then included in the vaccine. As one example, candidate TUMAPs may be identified in the patient by (a1) comparing expression data from the tumor sample to expression data from a sample of normal tissue corresponding to the tissue type of the tumor sample to identify proteins that are over-expressed or aberrantly expressed in the tumor sample; and (a2) correlating the expression data with sequences of MHC ligands bound to MHC class I and/or class II molecules in the tumor sample to identify MHC ligands derived from proteins over-expressed or aberrantly expressed by the tumor. As another example, proteins may be identified containing mutations that are unique to the tumor sample relative to normal corresponding tissue from the individual patient, and TUMAPs can be identified that specifically target the mutation. For example, the genome of the tumor and of corresponding normal tissue can be sequenced by whole genome sequencing: For discovery of non-synonymous mutations in the protein-coding regions of genes, genomic DNA and RNA are extracted from tumor tissues and normal non-mutated genomic germline DNA is extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The applied NGS approach is confined to the re-sequencing of protein coding regions (exome re-sequencing). For this purpose, exonic DNA from human samples is captured using vendor-supplied target enrichment kits, followed by sequencing with e.g. a HiSeq2000 (Illumina). Additionally, tumor mRNA is sequenced for direct quantification of gene expression and validation that mutated genes are expressed in the patients' tumors. The resultant millions of sequence reads are processed through software algorithms. The output list contains mutations and gene expression. Tumor-specific somatic mutations are determined by comparison with the PBMC-derived germline variations and prioritized. The de novo identified peptides can then be tested for immunogenicity as described above for the warehouse, and candidate TUMAPs possessing suitable immunogenicity are selected for inclusion in the vaccine.

In one exemplary embodiment, the peptides included in the vaccine are identified by: (a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from the individual patient by the method as described above; (b) comparing the peptides identified in a) with a warehouse of peptides that have been prescreened for immunogenicity and overpresentation in tumors as compared to corresponding normal tissue; (c) selecting at least one peptide from the warehouse that correlates with a tumor-associated peptide identified in the patient; and (d) optionally, selecting at least one peptide identified de novo in (a) confirming its immunogenicity.

In one exemplary embodiment, the peptides included in the vaccine are identified by: (a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from the individual patient; and (b) selecting at least one peptide identified de novo in (a) and confirming its immunogenicity.

Once the peptides for a personalized peptide based vaccine are selected, the vaccine is produced. The vaccine preferably is a liquid formulation consisting of the individual peptides dissolved in between 20-40% DMSO, preferably about 30-35% DMSO, such as about 33% DMSO.

Each peptide to be included into a product is dissolved in DMSO. The concentration of the single peptide solutions has to be chosen depending on the number of peptides to be included into the product. The single peptide-DMSO solutions are mixed in equal parts to achieve a solution containing all peptides to be included in the product with a concentration of ˜2.5 mg/ml per peptide. The mixed solution is then diluted 1:3 with water for injection to achieve a concentration of 0.826 mg/ml per peptide in 33% DMSO. The diluted solution is filtered through a 0.22 μm sterile filter. The final bulk solution is obtained.

Final bulk solution is filled into vials and stored at ˜20° C. until use. One vial contains 700 μL solution, containing 0.578 mg of each peptide. Of this, 500 μL (approx. 400 μg per peptide) will be applied for intradermal injection.

In addition to being useful for treating cancer, the peptides of the present invention are also useful as diagnostics. Since the peptides were generated from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer cells and since it was determined that these peptides are not or at lower levels present in normal tissues, these peptides can be used to diagnose the presence of a cancer.

The presence of claimed peptides on tissue biopsies in blood samples can assist a pathologist in diagnosis of cancer. Detection of certain peptides by means of antibodies, mass spectrometry or other methods known in the art can tell the pathologist that the tissue sample is malignant or inflamed or generally diseased, or can be used as a biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer. Presence of groups of peptides can enable classification or sub-classification of diseased tissues.

The detection of peptides on diseased tissue specimen can enable the decision about the benefit of therapies involving the immune system, especially if T-lymphocytes are known or expected to be involved in the mechanism of action. Loss of MHC expression is a well described mechanism by which infected of malignant cells escape immuno-surveillance. Thus, presence of peptides shows that this mechanism is not exploited by the analyzed cells.

The peptides of the present invention might be used to analyze lymphocyte responses against those peptides such as T cell responses or antibody responses against the peptide or the peptide complexed to MHC molecules. These lymphocyte responses can be used as prognostic markers for decision on further therapy steps. These responses can also be used as surrogate response markers in immunotherapy approaches aiming to induce lymphocyte responses by different means, e.g. vaccination of protein, nucleic acids, autologous materials, adoptive transfer of lymphocytes. In gene therapy settings, lymphocyte responses against peptides can be considered in the assessment of side effects. Monitoring of lymphocyte responses might also be a valuable tool for follow-up examinations of transplantation therapies, e.g. for the detection of graft versus host and host versus graft diseases.

The present invention will now be described in the following examples which describe preferred embodiments thereof, and with reference to the accompanying figures, nevertheless, without being limited thereto. For the purposes of the present invention, all references as cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A through 1N show the over-presentation of various peptides in different cancer tissues (black dots). Upper part: Median MS signal intensities from technical replicate measurements are plotted as dots for single HLA-A*01 positive normal (grey dots, left part of figure) and tumor samples (black dots, right part of figure) on which the peptide was detected. Boxes display median, 25th and 75th percentile of normalized signal intensities, while whiskers extend to the lowest data point still within 1.5 interquartile range (IQR) of the lower quartile, and the highest data point still within 1.5 IQR of the upper quartile. Normal organs are ordered according to risk categories (blood cells, blood vessels, brain, liver, lung: high risk, grey dots; reproductive organs, breast, prostate: low risk, grey dots; all other organs: medium risk; grey dots). Lower part: The relative peptide detection frequency in every organ is shown as spine plot. Numbers below the panel indicate number of samples on which the peptide was detected out of the total number of samples analyzed for each organ (N=72 for normal samples, N=155 for tumor samples). If the peptide has been detected on a sample but could not be quantified for technical reasons, the sample is included in this representation of detection frequency, but no dot is shown in the upper part of the figure. Tissues (from left to right): Normal samples: blood cells; bloodvess (blood vessels); brain; heart; liver; lung; bile duct; bladder; bone marrow; esoph (esophagus); intest. la (large intestine); kidney; nerve periph (peripheral nerve); skin; spinal cord; spleen; stomach; thyroid; trachea. Tumor samples: AML (acute myeloid leukemia); BRCA (breast cancer); CCC (cholangiocellular carcinoma); CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia); CRC (colorectal cancer); GBC (gallbladder cancer); GBM (glioblastoma); GC (gastric cancer); GEJC (gastro-esophageal junction cancer); HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma); HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma); MEL (melanoma); NHL (non-Hodgkin lymphoma); NSCLCadeno (non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma); NSCLCother (NSCLC samples that could not unambiguously be assigned to NSCLCadeno or NSCLCsquam); NSCLCsquam (squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer); OC (ovarian cancer); OSCAR (esophageal cancer); PACA (pancreatic cancer); PRCA (prostate cancer); RCC (renal cell carcinoma); SCLC (small cell lung cancer); UBC (urinary bladder carcinoma); UEC (uterine and endometrial cancer).

FIG. 1A) Peptide: NSDISIPEY (SEQ ID NO.: 16), FIG. 1B) Peptide: TSDQLGYSY (SEQ ID NO.: 40), FIG. 1C) Peptide: HSDLLEDSKY (SEQ ID NO.: 41), FIG. 1D) Peptide: SSDFDPLVY (SEQ ID NO.: 65), FIG. 1E) Peptide: YTELVEEKY (SEQ ID NO.: 70), FIG. 1F) Peptide: QTDVERIKDTY (SEQ ID NO.: 76), FIG. 1G) Peptide: QLDSAVKNLY (SEQ ID NO.: 78), FIG. 1H) Peptide: HMLAAMAY (SEQ ID NO.: 296), FIG. 11) Peptide: YTCEECGQAF (SEQ ID NO.: 316), FIG. 1J) Peptide: NTDSMTLNNTAY (SEQ ID NO.: 329), FIG. 1K) Peptide: TLDSTRTLY (SEQ ID NO.: 1), FIG. 1L) Peptide: YLDSSKPAVY (SEQ ID NO.: 15), FIG. 1M) Peptide: PSEVPVDSHYY (SEQ ID NO.:28), and FIG. 1N) Peptide: LMEKEDYHSLY (SEQ ID NO.: 387).

FIGS. 2A through 2P show exemplary expression profile of source genes of the present invention that are over-expressed in different cancer samples. Tumor (black dots) and normal (grey dots) samples are grouped according to organ of origin. Box-and-whisker plots represent median FPKM value, 25th and 75th percentile (box) plus whiskers that extend to the lowest data point still within 1.5 interquartile range (IQR) of the lower quartile and the highest data point still within 1.5 IQR of the upper quartile. Normal organs are ordered according to risk categories. FPKM: fragments per kilobase per million mapped reads. Normal samples: blood cells; bloodvess (blood vessels); brain; heart; liver; lung; adipose (adipose tissue); adrenal gl (adrenal gland); bile duct; bladder; bone marrow, esoph (esophagus); eye; gall bl (gallbladder); head&neck; intest. la (large intestine); intest. sm (small intestine); kidney; lymph node; nerve periph (peripheral nerve); pancreas; parathyr (parathyroid gland); petit (peritoneum); pituit (pituitary); pleura; skel. mus (skeletal muscle); skin; spleen; stomach; thyroid; trachea; ureter; breast; ovary; placenta; prostate; testis; thymus; uterus. Tumor samples: AML (acute myeloid leukemia); BRCA (breast cancer); CCC (cholangiocellular carcinoma); CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia); CRC (colorectal cancer); GBC (gallbladder cancer); GBM (glioblastoma); GC (gastric cancer); HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma); HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma); MEL (melanoma); NHL (non-Hodgkin lymphoma); NSCLCadeno (non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma); NSCLCother (NSCLC samples that could not unambiguously be assigned to NSCLCadeno or NSCLCsquam); NSCLCsquam (squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer); OC (ovarian cancer); OSCAR (esophageal cancer); other (other cancers, e.g. multiple myeloma), PACA (pancreatic cancer); PRCA (prostate cancer); RCC (renal cell carcinoma); SCLC (small cell lung cancer); UBC (urinary bladder carcinoma); UEC (uterine and endometrial cancer).

FIG. 2A) Gene symbol: MAGEA3, Peptide: VDPIGHLY (SEQ ID No.: 2), FIG. 2B) Gene symbol: SLC6A3, Peptide: FGTTPAAEYF (SEQ ID No.:3), FIG. 2C) Gene symbol: UMODL1, Peptide: ARDPITFSF (SEQ ID No.: 6), FIG. 2D) Gene symbol: SLC45A3, Peptide: ASDHWRGRY (SEQ ID No.: 11), FIG. 2E) Gene symbol: MAGEA4, Peptide: VDPASNTY (SEQ ID No.: 86), FIG. 2F) Gene symbol: SSX1, Peptide: AFDDIATYF (SEQ ID No.: 87), FIG. 2G) Gene symbol: MAGEA1, Peptide: EVYDGREHSAY (SEQ ID No.: 89), FIG. 2H) Gene symbol: MMP12, Peptide: SSDPKAVMF (SEQ ID No.: 95), FIG. 2I) Gene symbol: UMODL1, Peptide: ASDDVRIEVGLY (SEQ ID No.: 7), FIG. 2J) Gene symbol: C7orf72, Peptide: TSRAANIPGY (SEQ ID No.: 8), FIG. 2K) Gene symbol: CTCFL, Peptide: NTHTGTRPY (SEQ ID No.: 13), FIG. 2L) Gene symbol: SOX14, Peptide: DTDPLKAAGL (SEQ ID No.: 23), FIG. 2M) Gene symbol: HAS2, HAS3, Peptide: IATVIQLFY (SEQ ID No.: 66), FIG. 2N) Gene symbol: SLC6A3, Peptide: CLVLVIVLLY (SEQ ID No.: 91), FIG. 2O) Gene symbol: UMODL1, Peptide: TATLLIVRY (SEQ ID No.: 96), and FIG. 2P) Gene symbol: CDK6, Peptide: LTSVVVTLW (SEQ ID No.: 374).

FIGS. 3A through 3G show exemplary results of peptide-specific in vitro CD8+ T cell responses of a healthy HLA-A*01+ donor. CD8+ T cells were primed using artificial APCs coated with anti-CD28 mAb and HLA-A*01 in complex with SeqID No 417 peptide (KLDRSVFTAY) (FIG. 3A, left panel), Seq ID NO: 429 peptide (VSDSECLSRY) (FIG. 3B, left panel), Seq ID NO: 19 peptide (LTEGHSGNY) (FIG. 3C, left panel), Seq ID NO: 33 peptide (SMDPVTGYQY) (FIG. 3D, left panel), Seq ID NO: 61 peptide (SSDIVALGGFLY) (FIG. 3E, left panel), Seq ID NO: 77 peptide (FTSDTGLEY) (FIG. 3F, left panel), or Seq ID NO: 83 peptide (DTEFHGGLHY) (FIG. 3G, left panel). After three cycles of stimulation, the detection of peptide-reactive cells was performed by 2D multimer staining with A*01/SeqID No 417 (FIG. 3A), or A*01/SeqID No 429 (FIG. 3B), A*01/SeqID No 19 (FIG. 3C), A*01/SeqID No 33 (FIG. 3D), A*01/SeqID No 61 (FIG. 3E), A*01/SeqID No 77 (FIG. 3F), or A*01/SeqID No 83 (FIG. 3G). Right panels show control staining of cells stimulated with irrelevant A*01/peptide complexes. Viable singlet cells were gated for CD8+ lymphocytes. Boolean gates helped excluding false-positive events detected with multimers specific for different peptides. Frequencies of specific multimer+ cells among CD8+ lymphocytes are indicated.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Identification and Quantitation of Tumor Associated Peptides Presented on the Cell Surface

Tissue Samples Patients' tumor tissues were obtained from: Asterand (Detroit, Mich., USA & Royston, Herts, UK), Bio-Options Inc. (Brea, Calif., USA), BioServe (Beltsville, Md., USA), Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) (Leiden, Netherlands), ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA); Saint Savas Hospital (Athens, Greece), Tissue Solutions Ltd (Glasgow, UK), University Hospital Bonn (Bonn, Germany), University Hospital Geneva (Geneva, Switzerland), University Hospital Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany), Osaka City University (OCU) (Osaka, Japan), University Hospital Tubingen (Tubingen, Germany). Normal tissues were obtained from Asterand (Detroit, Mich., USA & Royston, Herts, UK), BioServe (Beltsville, Md., USA), Capital BioScience Inc. (Rockville, Md., USA), Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine Tuebingen (Tubingen, Germany), Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA), ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA), Tissue Solutions Ltd (Glasgow, UK), University Hospital Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany), University Hospital Tubingen (Tubingen, Germany).

Written informed consents of all patients had been given before surgery or autopsy. Tissues were shock-frozen immediately after excision and stored until isolation of TUMAPs at −70° C. or below.

Isolation of HLA Peptides from Tissue Samples

HLA peptide pools from shock-frozen tissue samples were obtained by immune precipitation from solid tissues according to a slightly modified protocol (Falk et al., 1991; Seeger et al., 1999) using the HLA-A*02-specific antibody BB7.2, the HLA-A, —B, C-specific antibody W6/32, the HLA-DR specific antibody L243 and the HLA DP specific antibody B7/21, CNBr-activated sepharose, acid treatment, and ultrafiltration.

Mass Spectrometry Analyses

The HLA peptide pools as obtained were separated according to their hydrophobicity by reversed-phase chromatography (nanoAcquity UPLC system, Waters) and the eluting peptides were analyzed in LTQ-velos and fusion hybrid mass spectrometers (ThermoElectron) equipped with an ESI source. Peptide pools were loaded directly onto the analytical fused-silica micro-capillary column (75 μm i.d.×250 mm) packed with 1.7 μm C18 reversed-phase material (Waters) applying a flow rate of 400 nL per minute. Subsequently, the peptides were separated using a two-step 180 minute-binary gradient from 10% to 33% B at a flow rate of 300 nL per minute. The gradient was composed of Solvent A (0.1% formic acid in water) and solvent B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile). A gold coated glass capillary (PicoTip, New Objective) was used for introduction into the nanoESl source. The LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometers were operated in the data-dependent mode using a TOP5 strategy. In brief, a scan cycle was initiated with a full scan of high mass accuracy in the orbitrap (R=30 000), which was followed by MS/MS scans also in the orbitrap (R=7500) on the 5 most abundant precursor ions with dynamic exclusion of previously selected ions. Tandem mass spectra were interpreted by SEQUEST at a fixed false discovery rate (q0.05) and additional manual control. In cases where the identified peptide sequence was uncertain it was additionally validated by comparison of the generated natural peptide fragmentation pattern with the fragmentation pattern of a synthetic sequence-identical reference peptide.

Label-free relative LC-MS quantitation was performed by ion counting i.e. by extraction and analysis of LC-MS features (Mueller et al., 2007). The method assumes that the peptide's LC-MS signal area correlates with its abundance in the sample. Extracted features were further processed by charge state deconvolution and retention time alignment (Mueller et al., 2008; Sturm et al., 2008). Finally, all LC-MS features were cross-referenced with the sequence identification results to combine quantitative data of different samples and tissues to peptide presentation profiles. The quantitative data were normalized in a two-tier fashion according to central tendency to account for variation within technical and biological replicates. Thus, each identified peptide can be associated with quantitative data allowing relative quantification between samples and tissues. In addition, all quantitative data acquired for peptide candidates was inspected manually to assure data consistency and to verify the accuracy of the automated analysis. For each peptide a presentation profile was calculated showing the mean sample presentation as well as replicate variations. The profiles juxtapose acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer samples to a baseline of normal tissue samples.

Presentation profiles of exemplary over-presented peptides are shown in FIGS. 1A-1N.

Table 8 shows the presentation on various cancer entities for selected peptides, and thus the particular relevance of the peptides as mentioned for the diagnosis and/or treatment of the cancers as indicated (e.g. peptide SEQ ID No. 21 for breast cancer and prostate cancer, peptide SEQ ID No. 47 for melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and ovarian cancer).

TABLE 8 Overview of presentation of selected tumor-associated peptides of the present invention across entities. AML: acute myeloid leukemia; BRCA: breast cancer; CCC: cholangiocellular carcinoma; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CRC: colorectal cancer; GBC: gallbladder cancer; GBM: glioblastoma; GC: gastric cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; MEL: melanoma; NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NSCLCadeno: non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma; NSCLCother: NSCLC samples that could not unambiguously be assigned to NSCLCadeno or NSCLCsquam; NSCLCsquam: squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer; OC: ovarian cancer; OSCAR: esophageal cancer; PACA: pancreatic cancer; PRCA: prostate cancer; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; UBC: urinary bladder carcinoma; UEC: uterine and endometrial cancer. SEQ ID No. Sequence Peptide Presentation on cancer entities 1 TLDSTRTLY PRCA 2 VDPIGHLY HCC 3 FGTTPAAEYF OSCAR 4 RIEAIRAEY MEL 5 FMVIAGMPLFY NSCLCsquam 6 ARDPITFSF HNSCC, NSCLCadeno 7 ASDDVRIEVGLY AML, NSCLCother 8 TSRAANIPGY MEL 9 QLDSTLDSY BRCA 10 VSERTGISY MEL 11 ASDHWRGRY PRCA 12 YTDFVGEGLY BRCA, PRCA 13 NTHTGTRPY NSCLCsquam 14 QSEKEPGQQY HCC 15 YLDSSKPAVY BRCA, UEC 16 NSDISIPEY BRCA, GC, NHL, OC, SCLC, UEC 17 ASWAVLCYY NSCLCsquam 18 RSDPVSLRY GBM 19 LTEGHSGNY NHL 20 LSAQHRMLA GBM 21 LSSAVNPIIY MEL 22 VMDTLGLFY BRCA, MEL, PRCA 23 DTDPLKAAGL GBC, GBM, GC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UEC 24 NLDHYTNAY UEC 25 AMMQEAQLAY NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, SCLC, UEC 26 ASDDFRSKY OSCAR 27 PSEVPVDSHY GBM, MEL 28 PSEVPVDSHYY CCC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, OC 29 TLEDLDNLYNY NSCLCadeno 30 VTTDKPRAY HNSCC 31 VSDHLQAGMLG HNSCC, OSCAR QY 32 GTDKQNSTLRY MEL, NSCLCadeno 33 SMDPVTGYQY MEL 34 SSWSAGENDSY BRCA, CCC, GBC, GBM, GC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, UEC 35 SWSAGENDSYS BRCA, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, UEC 36 MTSTEQSLY HCC, MEL 37 MTSTEQSLYY MEL 38 KSWSQSSSLMY HCC, HNSCC, MEL 39 WSQSSSLMY AML, GBC, GC, HCC, NSCLCsquam 40 TSDQLGYSY MEL 41 HSDLLEDSKY AML, BRCA, CLL, GBC, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, SCLC, UBC, UEC 42 ASDVDTLLK GBM 43 ETEPERHLGSY PRCA 44 IPSFNEMVY GBM, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 45 NLDPNKIY MEL, OSCAR 46 RSDPGGGGLAY AML, BRCA AAY 47 WSDGVPLLY GBM, MEL 50 ITDEDEDMLSY HCC 53 YLEDRPLSQLY MEL, OC 54 EVDIHTIHY GBC, HNSCC, OSCAR 55 ATEGDVLNY MEL, NHL, NSCLCsquam 56 VTEYAEEIYQY AML 57 ASDPASSTSCY HCC 58 YLENSASWY UEC 59 FTDSQGNDIK MEL 60 MTEKFLFLY HNSCC, OSCAR 61 SSDIVALGGFLY AML, BRCA, NSCLCsquam 62 VSELVTTGHY AML, CRC, GBC, GBM, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR 63 TSEISQNALMY NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam 64 TSEISQNALMYY NSCLCadeno 65 SSDFDPLVY BRCA, GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, UEC 67 NVDQNQNSY GBM, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno 68 QSLPEFGLTY CCC, OSCAR 69 QSLPEFGLTYY OSCAR 70 YTELVEEKY BRCA, CCC, CRC, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, RCC, UEC 71 LTDSTTRTTY CRC, GC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, PACA 72 VTDSTTKIAY GC, NSCLCsquam, PACA, SCLC 73 STDSASYY HCC 74 EMEQQSQEY HNSCC, OSCAR 75 FTDYELKAY HCC 76 QTDVERIKDTY CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, HCC, HNSCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, UEC 77 FTSDTGLEY AML, NSCLCadeno 78 QLDSAVKNLY BRCA, CRC, GBC, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, SCLC, UBC, UEC 79 ASDLEPRELLSY BRCA 80 ELCPLPGTSAY GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, HNSCC 81 YSDLHTPGRY AML, SCLC 82 LTEKSHIRY BRCA, GBM, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 83 DTEFHGGLHY BRCA, GC, OSCAR, PACA 84 ESEMIKFASYY HCC 85 SSDNYEHWLY BRCA, MEL, NSCLCadeno 87 AFDDIATYF SCLC 88 KEVDPAGHSYI NHL 89 EVYDGREHSAY MEL, OSCAR 90 YEDHFPLLF MEL, OSCAR 91 CLVLVIVLLY NSCLCadeno 92 TTDDTTAMASAS GBC, MEL, NSCLCsquam 93 HLKILSPIY BRCA 95 SSDPKAVMF CRC 96 TATLLIVRY AML 97 FPAPPAHWFY BRCA 98 NFSDLVFTY BRCA 99 AADSNPSEL PRCA 100 TTSSAISWILY BRCA 101 SITDVDFIY UEC 102 STIRGELFF BRCA 103 ITDTLIHLM BRCA 104 ITDTLIHL BRCA 107 TTENSGNYY CLL 108 NSNLKFLEV SCLC 109 ISEDKSISF CRC 111 TPIPFDKILY OSCAR 112 KASSVSAEDGY GBM, UEC 113 ASCRSSAEY OC 114 AVAAAAGASLY AML, MEL, OSCAR 115 NEIDIHSIYFY OSCAR 116 RSDIGEFEW AML 117 SPAKQFNIY GBC 119 TVFDENLSRY OSCAR 120 LVDENQSWY NHL 121 SADEAHGLL MEL 122 ISEAPLTEV MEL 123 LLKAKDILY HNSCC 124 FLKVTGYDKDDY HCC 125 FQYELRELY OC 126 TTDPKKFQY MEL, NSCLCsquam, OC 127 VPFNLITEY MEL 128 YTEFVDATFTK HNSCC 130 YIGLKGLYF MEL 131 LEDGIEQSAY NHL 132 RTHIGYKVY NSCLCsquam 134 SAPSSSGSPLY NSCLCsquam 135 TFDKQIVLL NSCLCother 136 RRLNFSGFGY SCLC 137 EAYLERIGY BRCA 138 IPVHDSVGVTY MEL 139 PVHDSVGVTY GC, SCLC, UEC 140 SQHIFTVSY GBM, NSCLCsquam 141 DAVAPGREY G BC 142 IEKFAVLY HNSCC 143 HVSGQMLYF BRCA 144 RTIEGDFLW GBM 145 LSDAVHVEF CLL 146 LCATVCGTEQY HNSCC 147 AQVQDTGRY MEL 148 GTKQWVHARY CLL 149 PIMSSSQALY NSCLCsquam 150 FTTLSDLQTNMA HNSCC, MEL, NHL 151 YEVDTKLLSL MEL 155 HTMEVTVY MEL 156 STALSILLL MEL 157 GLIEVVTGY MEL, OC 158 EVTDRNMLAF HNSCC, OC, OSCAR 159 RQAPGPARDY NSCLCsquam 160 EVLGEEMYAY PRCA 161 EAAPDIMHY MEL, OSCAR 162 IADNPQLSFY BRCA 163 KIRAEVLSHY CLL 164 KLAGTVFQY NSCLCsquam 165 VSVYNSYPY BRCA 166 YHRICELLSDY GC 167 RAVQPGETY NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam 168 VQPGETYTY G BC 169 TVDNANILL UBC 170 VQIAKGMNY NSCLCsquam 171 ITDFGLAKL NSCLCadeno 172 FSEPFHLIV MEL 173 QSTTGVSHY CCC 174 TSEVEGLAFVSY NSCLCsquam 175 GLEYEAPKLY GBM 176 HTDLESPSAVY HCC, UBC 178 TQRTSFQFY NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC 179 SSTDFTFASW HNSCC, OC, OSCAR 180 AQISDTGRY MEL 181 SVTDLIGGKW OSCAR 182 TQPELSSRY NSCLCadeno 183 LADTDLGMTF OSCAR 184 KTIQEVAGY GBM, HNSCC 185 NSDESADSEPH BRCA KY 186 AVSSGLFFY BRCA 187 TQKSVQVLAY GBM 189 FRGVFVHRY MEL 190 VSSTVHNLY BRCA 191 FTRAFDQLRM NSCLCadeno 192 LAFYYGMY GC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCsquam, OC, PRCA, RCC, UEC 193 SQNGQLIHY OC 194 CYTADNEMGY HCC 195 YTADNEMGYY NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother 196 RLAQYTIERY HCC 197 NDEIDKLTGY MEL 198 KLTDYINANY GBM 199 LCAAVLAKY MEL 200 SLPEFGLTY GBM, RCC 201 SLPEFGLTYY OSCAR 202 QTDINGGSLK MEL 203 LSQDELSKF NSCLCsquam 204 NVKEAPTEY NSCLCother 205 RMQEGSEVY MEL 206 RVFVAVTLY OC, PRCA 207 LLEGEDAHLTQY HNSCC 208 LLISKAEDY MEL 209 EADPFLKYL AML 210 LLEADPFLKY AML 211 YLNEWGSRF NSCLCadeno 212 MMTDLTSVY MEL 213 VSDSTTEITY PACA 214 VQDPSLPVY NSCLCsquam 215 DTLEAATSLY HCC 216 NSMLDPLVY BRCA, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, UBC 217 LMDEGAVLTL HNSCC 218 FTAQLQLY GBC 219 KTELETALYY HCC 220 DVERIKDTY NSCLCsquam 221 TDVERIKDTY HCC, NSCLCsquam 222 GSPDAVVSY NSCLCsquam 223 NAVDVVPSSF GBC 224 RTDEGDNRVW OSCAR 226 QITPKHNGLY NSCLCsquam, OC 228 KSFDDIAKY OC 229 MTDVFIDY NSCLCsquam 230 CVIETFHKY GBC 231 LLPLLVMAY OC 232 RYLNIVHATQLY CLL 233 RINSATGQY CLL 234 YTDLTTIQV HNSCC 235 SIEIDHTQY CCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno 236 VLDSLLAQY GC 237 AQEAAVFLTLY SCLC 238 ETDWGLLKGHT BRCA Y 239 SSERGSPIEKY OSCAR 240 EVLDSLLAQY OSCAR 241 SLMVASLTY OC 242 GTNLPTLLW HCC, OSCAR 243 LTSEDTGAY NSCLCadeno 244 VTKYIAGPY BRCA 245 LSDNAANRY AML 246 ARLEGEIATY NSCLCsquam 247 SMIRVGTNY NSCLCsquam, OC 248 VTDIDELGK GBM 249 GVGFTELEY GC 250 GYVCNACGLY HNSCC 251 GIEMTYETY GBC 252 DTTSHTYLQY OSCAR 253 YLESHGLAY NSCLCsquam 254 FLFNDALLY BRCA 255 WELDSLEY GBM 256 HAFESNNFIY GBC 257 KSEMNVNMKY BRCA, GBC, NSCLCsquam, PRCA, UEC 258 RPSSVLTIY GBM, MEL, NSCLCsquam 259 APDEVVALL MEL 260 KPTEDSANVY OSCAR 261 MTEGSTVNTEY GBC, GC 263 DCMDTEGSYM UEC 264 YRDPVFVSL OC 266 LTDSFLLRF HCC 267 IVADDTVY NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother 268 AILHHLYFY BRCA 269 LPSPAATIWDY GBC 270 DLKIDLAAQY OSCAR 271 VAEPPVVCSY HCC 272 IPQDECLRY GBC, HNSCC 273 CGPNEINHFY NSCLCsquam 274 YADIHGDLL RCC 275 ESDEMENLLTY BRCA 276 QITSFASGTSY GC 277 LPAPGFLFY GBC 278 AATVKSDIY NSCLCsquam 279 LMTVLLKY BRCA 280 TTEMVSNESVDY GBC 281 YPDLSELLM AML, RCC, UEC 282 QAMPSWPTAAY NSCLCsquam 283 ETILVSSSY NSCLCadeno 284 TCSHTFVYY NSCLCadeno, SCLC 285 VLPHHSEGACVY NSCLCadeno, OC 286 ATDMEGNLNY BRCA, GBM, NSCLCadeno 287 ENSIEDLQY HCC 289 YTSHEDIGY NSCLCadeno 290 GQFTGTAGACR NSCLCadeno, OC Y 291 TSDVTGSLTY BRCA, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother 292 VLDFAPPGASAY OC 293 IISVLIAIY BRCA 294 MMEMEGMY NSCLCsquam 295 GQRLDEAMISY OC 296 HMLAAMAY BRCA, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, RCC 297 RLDEAMISY UBC 298 KFDVINHYF BRCA 299 EVDSVALSL MEL 300 VSINPNSGDIY GC 301 ESQTCASDY GBC, NSCLCother 302 FYLSTPENYHY BRCA 303 GFGGLSSQGVY CCC, HNSCC Y 304 FSENLIYTYI MEL 305 YADLLIYTY NSCLCadeno, UBC 306 KSFETTVRY MEL, OSCAR 307 DTDDRELRY GBM, HCC, UEC 308 ELAAGQVVY CLL, OSCAR 309 EVDRNLIQY UEC 311 TVTDGTHTDFY NSCLCsquam 312 VTDGINPLI OSCAR 313 VTDGTHTDFY MEL 314 PPEANSLQGALY CCC, OC 315 VLKIELETY GBM, GC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, PACA, PRCA, RCC 316 YTCEECGQAF BRCA, GBM, GC, HCC, HNSCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UEC 317 EDLLEVLDMY UEC 318 YMTSMALNY NSCLCsquam 319 FTDPHIITF BRCA 320 QALQDKLQTFY BRCA 321 DGIADASNLSYY MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 322 FSELNPLALY GC, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 323 KTLQKPVLPLY CLL 324 RTGIFPYRF GBC 325 LQKPVLPLY CLL, NSCLCsquam 326 STSRLTLFS GBM, HNSCC 327 IMLSVDQHLY HNSCC, MEL 328 LLDEDNNIKL GBC 329 NTDSMTLNNTAY BRCA, GBC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 331 YLYQAPGSLALY NSCLCadeno 332 SLISFKYTSY OC 333 LSDPQAELQFY GBM 334 PSSMPECLSY NSCLCsquam 335 PSSMPECLSYY NSCLCadeno 336 ATNIQLNIDTY OC 337 FTESNQYNIY BRCA, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam 338 YSPDSFNVSW OSCAR 339 ESMDIFPLGW HNSCC, OC, OSCAR 340 SVDSNLVAY NSCLCadeno 341 PANYLGKMTY MEL, NSCLCadeno, OC, PRCA 343 YFGNYFTYY BRCA 344 AVNALQSVY AML, GBC, GBM, GC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, PACA, PRCA, UEC 345 NTMDAVPRIDHY GBC, GC 346 VAGLEAGVLY BRCA, GBM, HCC, MEL, OC, UBC, UEC 347 SADHPGLTF CRC 349 HLLSVSLYY NSCLCsquam 350 LTDPQVSYV MEL 351 VLDPMLDFY HCC 352 YPVVVAESMY MEL 353 RLNGSVASY OC 355 MADRGEARL AML 356 NSENHILKY GC, OSCAR 358 YMSPDIALLY GBM, HCC, NSCLCadeno 359 NKEINYFMY CCC 360 RFDDINQEF HNSCC 361 FTAEEGQLY BRCA, GBC, GBM, HCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, PACA, PRCA, RCC, SCLC, UBC, UEC 362 SGALDEAAAY GBM, NSCLCadeno, PRCA 363 LTDRDVSFY HCC 364 DTGYLQLYY BRCA 365 FVDTKVPEH HCC, NHL, NSCLCsquam 366 ITVDVRDEF GBM 367 LTDTGYLQLY GBM, HNSCC, OC, OSCAR, UBC 368 ESAATGQLDY OC 369 AVMEAAFVY BRCA 370 RLSTIRHLY HNSCC, MEL 371 WSDSTSQTIY OSCAR 372 SRSDFEWVY BRCA, OSCAR 373 FHADSDDESF NHL 374 LTSVVVTLW HCC 375 ASSLDSLHY BRCA 376 EDDEDEDLY NSCLCsquam 377 YADPSANRDLL OC 378 TAKAPSTEY GBC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam 379 SLIIDDTEY GBC, NSCLCsquam 380 VACGNNPVY NSCLCadeno 381 ETSFSTSHY HNSCC 382 YEPATMEQY NSCLCsquam 383 PPDHAVGRTKY UBC 384 RFRSITQSYY CLL 385 SANALILTY BRCA, MEL 386 NSALNPLLY BRCA, NSCLCadeno 387 LMEKEDYHSLY MEL 388 YTAHVGYSMY NSCLCadeno 389 YYDLVESTF AML 390 FSEPFHLIVSY CLL, MEL 392 TQHFVQENY MEL 393 QVWGGQPVY MEL 394 QVPLDCVLY HNSCC, OSCAR 395 ILKGGSGTY MEL 396 LPDPNVQKY MEL 397 NSAINPLIY NSCLCadeno, RCC, UEC 398 YYYDTHTNTY HNSCC, PRCA

Example 2

Expression Profiling of Genes Encoding the Peptides of the Invention

Over-presentation or specific presentation of a peptide on tumor cells compared to normal cells is sufficient for its usefulness in immunotherapy, and some peptides are tumor-specific despite their source protein occurring also in normal tissues. Still, mRNA expression profiling adds an additional level of safety in selection of peptide targets for immunotherapies. Especially for therapeutic options with high safety risks, such as affinity-matured TCRs, the ideal target peptide will be derived from a protein that is unique to the tumor and not found on normal tissues.

RNA Sources and Preparation

Surgically removed tissue specimens were provided as indicated above (see Example 1) after written informed consent had been obtained from each patient. Tumor tissue specimens were snap-frozen immediately after surgery and later homogenized with mortar and pestle under liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was prepared from these samples using TRI Reagent (Ambion, Darmstadt, Germany) followed by a cleanup with RNeasy (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany); both methods were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Total RNA from healthy human tissues for RNASeq experiments was obtained from: Asterand (Detroit, Mich., USA & Royston, Herts, UK); Bio-Options Inc. (Brea, Calif., USA); Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA); ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA); Tissue Solutions Ltd (Glasgow, UK).

Total RNA from tumor tissues for RNASeq experiments was obtained from: Asterand (Detroit, Mich., USA & Royston, Herts, UK); BioCat GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany); BioServe (Beltsville, Md., USA); Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, Calif., USA); Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Pascale” (Naples, Italy); ProteoGenex Inc. (Culver City, Calif., USA); University Hospital Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany).

Quality and quantity of all RNA samples were assessed on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany) using the RNA 6000 Pico LabChip Kit (Agilent).

RNAseq Experiments

Gene expression analysis of—tumor and normal tissue RNA samples was performed by next generation sequencing (RNAseq) by CeGaT (Tubingen, Germany). Briefly, sequencing libraries are prepared using the Illumina HiSeq v4 reagent kit according to the provider's protocol (Illumina Inc., San Diego, Calif., USA), which includes RNA fragmentation, cDNA conversion and addition of sequencing adaptors. Libraries derived from multiple samples are mixed equimolar and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencer according to the manufacturer's instructions, generating 50 bp single end reads. Processed reads are mapped to the human genome (GRCh38) using the STAR software. Expression data are provided on transcript level as RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase per Million mapped reads, generated by the software Cufflinks) and on exon level (total reads, generated by the software Bedtools), based on annotations of the ensembl sequence database (Ensembl77). Exon reads are normalized for exon length and alignment size to obtain RPKM values.

Exemplary expression profiles of source genes of the present invention that are highly over-expressed or exclusively expressed in acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer are shown in FIGS. 2A-2P. Expression scores for further exemplary genes are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Expression scores. The table lists peptides from genes that are very highly over-expressed in tumors compared to a panel of normal tissues (+++), highly over-expressed in tumors compared to a panel of normal tissues (++) or over-expressed in tumors compared to a panel of normal tissues (+). The baseline for this score was calculated from measurements of the following relevant normal tissues: adipose tissue, adrenal gland, bile duct, blood cells, blood vessels, bone marrow, brain, esophagus, eye, gallbladder, heart, head and neck, kidney, large intestine, liver, lung, lymph node, nerve, parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary, pleura, skeletal muscle, skin, small intestine, spleen, stomach, thyroid gland, trachea, ureter, urinary bladder. In case expression data for several samples of the same tissue type were available, the arithmetic mean of all respective samples was used for the calculation. AML: acute myeloid leukemia; BRCA: breast cancer; CCC: cholangiocellular carcinoma; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CRC: colorectal cancer; GBC: gallbladder cancer; GBM: glioblastoma; GC: gastric cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; MEL: melanoma; NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NSCLCadeno: non- small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma; NSCLCother: NSCLC samples that could not unambiguously be assigned to NSCLCadeno or NSCLCsquam; NSCLCsquam: squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer; OC: ovarian cancer; OSCAR: esophageal cancer; PACA: pancreatic cancer; PRCA: prostate cancer; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; UBC: urinary bladder carcinoma; UEC: uterine and endometrial cancer. Gene Expression in tumor samples very highly SEQ ID No Sequence over-expressed (+) highly over-expressed (++) over-epxressed (+++)   1 TLDSTRTLY GBM PRCA   2 VDPIGHLY CRC, NHL, OC, GBC, NSCLCadeno, UEC GC, HCC, HNSCC, PACA MEL, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC   3 FGTTPAAEYF NSCLCadeno, RCC NSCLCsquam, SCLC   4 RIEAIRAEY MEL   5 FMVIAGMPLFY NSCLCadeno, RCC NSCLCsquam   6 ARDPITFSF BRCA, CRC, OC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother AML SCLC   7 ASDDVRIEVGLY BRCA, CRC, OC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother AML SCLC   8 TSRAANIPGY BRCA, CLL NHL   9 QLDSTLDSY OC BRCA  10 VSERTGISY MEL  11 ASDHWRGRY PRCA  12 YTDFVGEGLY PRCA  13 NTHTGTRPY GBC, MEL, NHL OC  14 QSEKEPGQQY GBC HCC  15 YLDSSKPAVY BRCA, OC, UEC  16 NSDISIPEY OC, UEC  17 ASWAVLCYY PRCA  18 RSDPVSLRY GBM  19 LTEGHSGNY CLL, NHL  20 LSAQHRMLA CLL, SCLC NHL  21 LSSAVNPIIY NSCLCsquam, UEC GC, PACA  22 VMDTLGLFY HCC PRCA  23 DTDPLKAAGL GBC, HCC, HNSCC, CRC, GC, PRCA NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, SCLC, UBC, UEC  24 NLDHYTNAY SCLC, UEC  25 AMMQEAQLAY GBM SCLC  26 ASDDFRSKY NSCLCsquam, HNSCC, MEL OSCAR, UBC  27 PSEVPVDSHY CCC MEL  28 PSEVPVDSHYY CCC MEL  29 TLEDLDNLYNY CRC, GBC, NHL, BRCA, GC, HNSCC, MEL, UBC, UEC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA  30 VTTDKPRAY MEL  31 VSDHLQAGMLGQY NSCLCother, OSCAR HNSCC  32 GTDKQNSTLRY MEL  33 SMDPVTGYQY MEL  34 SSWSAGENDSY NHL HNSCC, MEL  35 SWSAGENDSYS NHL HNSCC, MEL  36 MTSTEQSLY BRCA, HCC, MEL, PRCA OC, SCLC, UEC  37 MTSTEQSLYY BRCA, HCC, MEL, PRCA OC, SCLC, UEC  38 KSWSQSSSLMY CCC HCC  39 WSQSSSLMY CCC HCC  40 TSDQLGYSY MEL  41 HSDLLEDSKY BRCA  42 ASDVDTLLK GBM  43 ETEPERHLGSY PRCA  44 IPSFNEMVY GBM  45 NLDPNKIY CRC, GC, MEL, GBC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA  46 RSDPGGGGLAYAAY GBM, SCLC AML  47 WSDGVPLLY GBM  48 FTTQDELLVY PRCA  49 GSFSIQHTY PRCA  50 ITDEDEDMLSY GBC, HCC  51 STEERRLNY PRCA  52 TTQDELLVY PRCA  53 YLEDRPLSQLY MEL  54 EVDIHTIHY OSCAR HNSCC  55 ATEGDVLNY NHL CLL  56 VTEYAEEIYQY OC, OSCAR AML, UEC  57 ASDPASSTSCY NSCLCother  58 YLENSASWY UEC  59 FTDSQGNDIK MEL  60 MTEKFLFLY BRCA, CLL, NHL, UBC RCC  61 SSDIVALGGFLY BRCA, HNSCC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC  62 VSELVTTGHY GBM  63 TSEISQNALMY NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam  64 TSEISQNALMYY NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam  65 SSDFDPLVY HCC CRC  66 IATVIQLFY HNSCC, UBC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR  67 NVDQNQNSY MEL  68 QSLPEFGLTY GC, HNSCC, OSCAR, CRC UBC  69 QSLPEFGLTYY GC, HNSCC, OSCAR, CRC UBC  70 YTELVEEKY UEC  71 LTDSTTRTTY PACA  72 VTDSTTKIAY PACA  73 STDSASYY HCC  74 EMEQQSQEY OSCAR HNSCC  75 FTDYELKAY HCC  76 QTDVERIKDTY CCC, GC, HNSCC, OSCAR NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, UBC  77 FTSDTGLEY AML  78 QLDSAVKNLY CRC, NHL  79 ASDLEPRELLSY GBM  80 ELCPLPGTSAY GBM, OC, SCLC  81 YSDLHTPGRY MEL, NSCLCadeno, SCLC  82 LTEKSHIRY MEL  83 DTEFHGGLHY GBC, GC, PACA  84 ESEMIKFASYY HCC  85 SSDNYEHWLY CLL  86 VDPASNTY BRCA, CRC, GC, HCC, GBC, HNSCC, MEL, UEC NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC  87 AFDDIATYF MEL, NHL, SCLC HCC NSCLCadeno  88 KEVDPAGHSYI CRC, PACA BRCA, GC, HCC, NHL, GBC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, UEC OSCAR, SCLC, UBC  89 EVYDGREHSAY BRCA, CCC, OC, GBC, GC, HNSCC, NHL, HCC, MEL, UBC NSCLCadeno, SCLC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR  90 YEDHFPLLF HCC, GBC, GC, HNSCC, MEL, UBC NSCLCadeno, UEC NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, SCLC  91 CLVLVIVLLY NSCLCadeno, RCC NSCLCsquam  92 TTDDTTAMASAS HCC, UEC GBC, GC, HNSCC, MEL, UBC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, SCLC  93 HLKILSPIY BRCA, CRC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother AML OC, SCLC, UEC  94 KPSAVKDSIY OC PRCA, SCLC UEC  95 SSDPKAVMF HCC, RCC CCC, GC, MEL, NHL, CRC, GBC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, OC, PACA, UEC NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC  96 TATLLIVRY BRCA, CRC, SCLC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother AML  97 FPAPPAHWFY OC BRCA  98 NFSDLVFTY CLL, HNSCC, BRCA, SCLC GBM MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, PACA, RCC, UBC  99 AADSNPSEL PRCA 100 TTSSAISWILY BRCA 101 SITDVDFIY CRC, SCLC PRCA 102 STIRGELFF HCC, OC, RCC, BRCA, CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, SCLC HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 103 ITDTLIHLM BRCA, OC, UEC 104 ITDTLIHL BRCA, OC, UEC 105 VVFDKSDLAKY PRCA 106 EVVEGKEWGSFY CRC, GBC, GC, PACA 107 TTENSGNYY CLL, NHL 108 NSNLKFLEV BRCA, CRC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OC MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, OSCAR, PACA, SCLC, UEC 109 ISEDKSISF MEL 110 IGDKVDAVY NSCLCadeno, UBC HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 111 TPIPFDKILY CRC, NSCLCsquam, BRCA, CCC, GBC, GC, OC, UBC, UEC HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, OSCAR, PACA 112 KASSVSAEDGY BRCA, SCLC, UBC PRCA 113 ASCRSSAEY GBC, GC, CCC, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, NSCLCadeno, OSCAR, UBC NSCLCother, PACA, UEC 114 AVAAAAGASLY UEC 115 NEIDIHSIYFY NSCLCother, HNSCC OSCAR 116 RSDIGEFEW AML, BRCA, CLL, SCLC CCC, CRC, GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 117 SPAKQFNIY AML, BRCA, CLL, SCLC CCC, CRC, GBC, GBM, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 118 LTWAHSAKY CCC MEL 119 TVFDENLSRY NSCLCother, HNSCC OSCAR 120 LVDENQSWY NSCLCother, HNSCC OSCAR 121 SADEAHGLL BRCA, GC, CCC, CRC, GBC HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, RCC, UBC, UEC 122 ISEAPLTEV MEL 123 LLKAKDILY HCC, PRCA 124 FLKVTGYDKDDY MEL 125 FQYELRELY MEL 126 TTDPKKFQY MEL 127 VPFNLITEY HCC MEL 128 YTEFVDATFTK OSCAR HNSCC 129 STIDFRAGF MEL 130 YIGLKGLYF HCC MEL 131 LEDGIEQSAY AML CLL 132 RTHIGYKVY MEL 133 ITDVGPGNY MEL 134 SAPSSSGSPLY CLL SCLC 135 TFDKQIVLL CCC HCC 136 RRLNFSGFGY SCLC 137 EAYLERIGY BRCA 138 IPVHDSVGVTY GBM 139 PVHDSVGVTY GBM 140 SQHIFTVSY GBM 141 DAVAPGREY CCC HCC 142 IEKFAVLY GBM 143 HVSGQMLYF BRCA UEC 144 RTIEGDFLW GBM 145 LSDAVHVEF CLL, NHL 146 LCATVCGTEQY BRCA GBM, MEL 147 AQVQDTGRY MEL 148 GTKQWVHARY CLL, NHL 149 PIMSSSQALY MEL 150 FTTLSDLQTNMA AML, GBC, HCC, MEL, SCLC HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, OC, OSCAR 151 YEVDTKLLSL GBC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, SCLC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR 152 YLEDRPLSQ MEL 153 HSIEVFTHY MEL 154 SIEVFTHY MEL 155 HTMEVTVY MEL 156 STALSILLL GBM 157 GLIEVVTGY BRCA 158 EVTDRNMLAF OC BRCA 159 RQAPGPARDY NSCLCsquam, UBC HNSCC, OSCAR 160 EVLGEEMYAY BRCA PRCA 161 EAAPDIMHY BRCA, HCC, MEL, PRCA OC 162 IADNPQLSFY PRCA BRCA 163 KIRAEVLSHY CLL 164 KLAGTVFQY BRCA, CRC, GC, CCC, GBC HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, SCLC, UBC 165 VSVYNSYPY PRCA 166 YHRICELLSDY BRCA, GBC, PRCA NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, SCLC 167 RAVQPGETY CCC HCC 168 VQPGETYTY CCC HCC 169 TVDNANILL NSCLCsquam, UBC HNSCC, OSCAR 170 VQIAKGMNY HNSCC GBM 171 ITDFGLAKL HNSCC GBM 172 FSEPFHLIV MEL CLL, NHL 173 QSTTGVSHY GBM 174 TSEVEGLAFVSY GBM 175 GLEYEAPKLY AML 176 HTDLESPSAVY UBC 177 LVDGKWQEF UBC 178 TQRTSFQFY NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam 179 SSTDFTFASW GC, HNSCC, CRC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 180 AQISDTGRY MEL 181 SVTDLIGGKW AML, HNSCC, UBC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 182 TQPELSSRY BRCA, CRC, GC, CCC, GBC HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UBC 183 LADTDLGMTF HNSCC, MEL, NHL, GBC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, SCLC 184 KTIQEVAGY GBM 185 NSDESADSEPHKY NHL 186 AVSSGLFFY NHL CLL 187 TQKSVQVLAY GBM 188 DIPDYLLQY NHL 189 FRGVFVHRY MEL, NSCLCadeno, GBC, NHL OC, SCLC 190 VSSTVHNLY BRCA, OC PRCA 191 FTRAFDQLRM CLL 192 LAFYYGMY GBM, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam NSCLCadeno, OSCAR 193 SQNGQLIHY MEL 194 CYTADNEMGY NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam 195 YTADNEMGYY NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam 196 RLAQYTIERY GBC, GC, UEC PACA 197 NDEIDKLTGY PRCA 198 KLTDYINANY GBM 199 LCAAVLAKY HCC 200 SLPEFGLTY GC, HNSCC, CRC OSCAR, UBC 201 SLPEFGLTYY GC, HNSCC, CRC OSCAR, UBC 202 QTDINGGSLK MEL 203 LSQDELSKF BRCA, CCC, NHL, GBC NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UBC, UEC 204 NVKEAPTEY NHL CLL 205 RMQEGSEVY NHL CLL 206 RVFVAVTLY PRCA 207 LLEGEDAHLTQY NSCLCsquam, UBC HNSCC, OSCAR 208 LLISKAEDY BRCA 209 EADPFLKYL OC, OSCAR, UEC AML 210 LLEADPFLKY OC, OSCAR, UEC AML 211 YLNEWGSRF GBC, HNSCC NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC 212 MMTDLTSVY PACA 213 VSDSTTEITY PACA 214 VQDPSLPVY CLL, CRC, GBM, NHL GC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, PRCA, SCLC, UBC 215 DTLEAATSLY NSCLCadeno, SCLC NSCLCsquam, OC 216 NSMLDPLVY UBC BRCA 217 LMDEGAVLTL CLL, NHL CRC 218 FTAQLQLY NSCLCother, NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam 219 KTELETALYY GBM, HNSCC, CRC NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, RCC 220 DVERIKDTY CCC, GC, HNSCC, OSCAR NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, UBC 221 TDVERIKDTY CCC, GC, HNSCC, OSCAR NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, UBC 222 GSPDAVVSY CCC, CRC, GBC, GC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, PACA, SCLC 223 NAVDVVPSSF BRCA, CCC, GBC, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UBC, UEC 224 RTDEGDNRVW GBC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UBC 225 STDPNIVRK MEL, PRCA, SCLC 226 QITPKHNGLY CCC, MEL 227 ESAPKEVSRY RCC, UBC 228 KSFDDIAKY GBC, HCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, OC, PACA 229 MTDVFIDY HCC 230 CVIETFHKY HNSCC, MEL 231 LLPLLVMAY CLL 232 RYLNIVHATQLY CLL 233 RINSATGQY CLL 234 YTDLTTIQV BRCA, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, OSCAR 235 SIEIDHTQY HCC 236 VLDSLLAQY GBC, HCC, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, SCLC 237 AQEAAVFLTLY PRCA 238 ETDWGLLKGHTY UEC 239 SSERGSPIEKY BRCA 240 EVLDSLLAQY GBC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCsquam, OC, SCLC 241 SLMVASLTY AML, CCC, PACA, UEC 242 GTNLPTLLW SCLC 243 LTSEDTGAY SCLC 244 VTKYIAGPY CCC 245 LSDNAANRY AML 246 ARLEGEIATY HNSCC, OSCAR 247 SMIRVGTNY GBM, SCLC 248 VTDIDELGK AML 249 GVGFTELEY HCC 250 GYVCNACGLY BRCA 251 GIEMTYETY BRCA, CLL, SCLC 252 DTTSHTYLQY GBM 253 YLESHGLAY GBM, HCC, MEL, PACA, SCLC 254 FLFNDALLY CCC, GBC, HNSCC, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, PACA 255 WELDSLEY BRCA, CCC, GBC, GC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA, UBC, UEC 256 HAFESNNFIY CCC, GBC, NSCLCadeno 257 KSEMNVNMKY CCC, GBC, NSCLCadeno 258 RPSSVLTIY GBM, HCC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC 259 APDEVVALL BRCA, CCC, MEL, OC, UEC 260 KPTEDSANVY GBM 261 MTEGSTVNTEY CCC, GBC, MEL, OC, RCC, SCLC, UEC 262 NVKHFLNDLY CCC, GBC, MEL, OC, RCC, SCLC, UEC 263 DCMDTEGSYM GBM, NSCLCother, OC, SCLC 264 YRDPVFVSL CRC 265 LSDIDSRYI BRCA, CCC, GBC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NHL, OC, SCLC, UEC 266 LTDSFLLRF HCC 267 IVADDTVY PRCA 268 AILHHLYFY PRCA 269 LPSPAATIWDY CRC, GC, NSCLCadeno, PACA, RCC 270 DLKIDLAAQY HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR 271 VAEPPVVCSY OC, SCLC 272 IPQDECLRY BRCA, GC, HCC, SCLC 273 CGPNEINHFY MEL, UBC 274 YADIHGDLL BRCA, CCC 275 ESDEMENLLTY BRCA, PRCA 276 QITSFASGTSY AML 277 LPAPGFLFY BRCA 278 AATVKSDIY BRCA, NHL, PRCA, SCLC 279 LMTVLLKY NSCLCother 280 TTEMVSNESVDY CCC, GBC, RCC 281 YPDLSELLM CCC, GBC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCother, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC 282 QAMPSWPTAAY MEL 283 ETILVSSSY HCC 284 TCSHTFVYY CCC, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, SCLC 285 VLPHHSEGACVY PRCA 286 ATDMEGNLNY GBM 287 ENSIEDLQY BRCA, PRCA, UEC 288 TEEKFVSY CRC, PACA, SCLC 289 YTSHEDIGY NSCLCother 290 GQFTGTAGACRY OC 291 TSDVTGSLTY BRCA, CCC, GC, MEL, NHL, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, OC, RCC 292 VLDFAPPGASAY OC 293 IISVLIAIY SCLC 294 MMEMEGMY PRCA 295 GQRLDEAMISY OC, UBC 296 HMLAAMAY GBC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UBC 297 RLDEAMISY OC, UBC 298 KFDVINHYF GBC, HCC, HNSCC, MEL, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, UBC 299 EVDSVALSL GC, NHL, PACA 300 VSINPNSGDIY GBM, OC, UEC 301 ESQTCASDY CCC, GBC, GC, HNSCC, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, UBC, UEC 302 FYLSTPENYHY MEL 303 GFGGLSSQGVYY GC 304 FSENLIYTYI SCLC 305 YADLLIYTY HNSCC, OC, UBC, UEC 306 KSFETTVRY MEL 307 DTDDRELRY GBM, SCLC 308 ELAAGQVVY GBM, SCLC 309 EVDRNLIQY GBM, SCLC 310 KAFQELGVRY GBM, SCLC 311 TVTDGTHTDFY GBM, SCLC 312 VTDGINPLI GBM, SCLC 313 VTDGTHTDFY GBM, SCLC 314 PPEANSLQGALY GBM 315 VLKIELETY OC, UEC 316 YTCEECGQAF CLL 317 EDLLEVLDMY SCLC 318 YMTSMALNY AML 319 FTDPHIITF CCC, NSCLCother, NSCLCsquam, SCLC 320 QALQDKLQTFY CCC, SCLC 321 DGIADASNLSYY GBC, GC, PACA 322 FSELNPLALY BRCA, HNSCC, OC, OSCAR, UBC 323 KTLQKPVLPLY CLL 324 RTGIFPYRF CLL 325 LQKPVLPLY CLL 326 STSRLTLFS PRCA 327 IMLSVDQHLY CCC 328 LLDEDNNIKL CRC, SCLC 329 NTDSMTLNNTAY AML, CLL, CRC, MEL, NHL 330 EGELSEGEHWY PRCA 331 YLYQAPGSLALY BRCA, GC 332 SLISFKYTSY SCLC 333 LSDPQAELQFY GBM 334 PSSMPECLSY CRC, NHL 335 PSSMPECLSYY CRC, NHL 336 ATNIQLNIDTY BRCA, CRC, GBC, GC, RCC 337 FTESNQYNIY UBC 338 YSPDSFNVSW MEL, OC 339 ESMDIFPLGW CLL 340 SVDSNLVAY PRCA 341 PANYLGKMTY PRCA 342 QTYMDGLLHY HNSCC, OSCAR 343 YFGNYFTYY NSCLCother, SCLC 344 AVNALQSVY CRC, PRCA 345 NTMDAVPRIDHY CRC 346 VAGLEAGVLY SCLC 347 SADHPGLTF GBM 348 DSTDGCLLSF MEL 349 HLLSVSLYY HCC 350 LTDPQVSYV MEL 351 VLDPMLDFY OC, UEC 352 YPVVVAESMY OC, UEC 353 RLNGSVASY OC, UEC 354 EIIRYIFAY AML 355 MADRGEARL GBC, NHL 356 NSENHILKY HNSCC, SCLC 357 MSPDIALLYL NSCLCother 358 YMSPDIALLY NSCLCother 359 NKEINYFMY HCC 360 RFDDINQEF HNSCC, OSCAR 361 FTAEEGQLY HCC, PRCA 362 SGALDEAAAY HCC, PRCA 363 LTDRDVSFY HCC 364 DTGYLQLYY HNSCC, OC, OSCAR, UBC 365 FVDTKVPEH BRCA 366 ITVDVRDEF HNSCC, OC, OSCAR, UBC 367 LTDTGYLQLY HNSCC, OC, OSCAR, UBC 368 ESAATGQLDY GBM 369 AVMEAAFVY PRCA 370 RLSTIRHLY BRCA, GBC, GC, NSCLCadeno, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, PACA 371 WSDSTSQTIY HNSCC 372 SRSDFEWVY BRCA, GC, UBC 373 FHADSDDESF CRC 374 LTSVVVTLW AML 375 ASSLDSLHY BRCA 376 EDDEDEDLY CLL 377 YADPSANRDLL GBM 378 TAKAPSTEY CRC, GC, NSCLCadeno, PACA 379 SLIIDDTEY GC, PACA, UBC, UEC 380 VACGNNPVY GC, PACA, UBC, UEC 381 ETSFSTSHY HNSCC, OSCAR 382 YEPATMEQY MEL 383 PPDHAVGRTKY PRCA 384 RFRSITQSYY BRCA, CLL 385 SANALILTY BRCA, CLL 386 NSALNPLLY NSCLCadeno, UEC RCC 387 LMEKEDYHSLY MEL 388 YTAHVGYSMY UEC 389 YYDLVESTF AML 390 FSEPFHLIVSY MEL CLL, NHL 391 GSNPARYEF BRCA, CRC, GC, HCC, GBC, HNSCC, MEL, UEC NSCLCadeno NSCLCsquam, OC, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC 392 TQHFVQENY CRC, NHL, PACA GBC, GC, HCC, HNSCC, NSCLCadeno, UEC MEL, NSCLCsquam, OSCAR, SCLC, UBC 393 QVWGGQPVY MEL 394 QVPLDCVLY MEL 395 ILKGGSGTY MEL 396 LPDPNVQKY NHL 397 NSAINPLIY CRC, GBC, GC 398 YYYDTHTNTY CRC

Example 3

In Vitro Immunogenicity for MHC Class I Presented Peptides

In order to obtain information regarding the immunogenicity of the TUMAPs of the present invention, the inventors performed investigations using an in vitro T-cell priming assay based on repeated stimulations of CD8+ T cells with artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) loaded with peptide/MHC complexes and anti-CD28 antibody. This way the inventors could show immunogenicity for HLA-A*01 restricted TUMAPs of the invention, demonstrating that these peptides are T-cell epitopes against which CD8+ precursor T cells exist in humans (Table 10).

In Vitro Priming of CD8+ T Cells

In order to perform in vitro stimulations by artificial antigen presenting cells loaded with peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) and anti-CD28 antibody, the inventors first isolated CD8+ T cells from fresh HLA-A*02 leukapheresis products via positive selection using CD8 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany) of healthy donors obtained from the University clinics Mannheim, Germany, after informed consent.

PBMCs and isolated CD8+ lymphocytes were incubated in T-cell medium (TCM) until use consisting of RPMI-Glutamax (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated human AB serum (PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany), 100 U/ml Penicillin/100 μg/ml Streptomycin (Cambrex, Cologne, Germany), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (CC Pro, Oberdorla, Germany), 20 μg/ml Gentamycin (Cambrex). 2.5 ng/ml IL-7 (PromoCell, Heidelberg, Germany) and 10 U/ml IL-2 (Novartis Pharma, Nurnberg, Germany) were also added to the TCM at this step.

Generation of pMHC/anti-CD28 coated beads, T-cell stimulations and readout was performed in a highly defined in vitro system using four different pMHC molecules per stimulation condition and 8 different pMHC molecules per readout condition.

The purified co-stimulatory mouse IgG2a anti human CD28 Ab 9.3 (Jung et al., 1987) was chemically biotinylated using Sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidobiotin as recommended by the manufacturer (Perbio, Bonn, Germany). Beads used were 5.6 μm diameter streptavidin coated polystyrene particles (Bangs Laboratories, Illinois, USA).

pMHC used for positive and negative control stimulations were A*0201/MLA-001 (peptide ELAGIGILTV (SEQ ID NO. 433) from modified Melan-A/MART-1) and A*0201/DDX5-001 (YLLPAIVHI from DDX5, SEQ ID NO. 434), respectively.

800.000 beads/200 μl were coated in 96-well plates in the presence of 4×12.5 ng different biotin-pMHC, washed and 600 ng biotin anti-CD28 were added subsequently in a volume of 200 μl. Stimulations were initiated in 96-well plates by co-incubating 1×10⁶ CD8+ T cells with 2×10⁵ washed coated beads in 200 μl TCM supplemented with 5 ng/ml IL-12 (PromoCell) for 3 days at 37° C. Half of the medium was then exchanged by fresh TCM supplemented with 80 U/ml IL-2 and incubating was continued for 4 days at 37° C. This stimulation cycle was performed for a total of three times. For the pMHC multimer readout using 8 different pMHC molecules per condition, a two-dimensional combinatorial coding approach was used as previously described (Andersen et al., 2012) with minor modifications encompassing coupling to 5 different fluorochromes. Finally, multimeric analyses were performed by staining the cells with Live/dead near IR dye (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany), CD8-FITC antibody clone SK1 (BD, Heidelberg, Germany) and fluorescent pMHC multimers. For analysis, a BD LSRII SORP cytometer equipped with appropriate lasers and filters was used. Peptide specific cells were calculated as percentage of total CD8+ cells. Evaluation of multimeric analysis was done using the FlowJo software (Tree Star, Oreg., USA). In vitro priming of specific multimer+CD8+ lymphocytes was detected by comparing to negative control stimulations. Immunogenicity for a given antigen was detected if at least one evaluable in vitro stimulated well of one healthy donor was found to contain a specific CD8+ T-cell line after in vitro stimulation (i.e. this well contained at least 1% of specific multimer+ among CD8+ T-cells and the percentage of specific multimer+ cells was at least 10× the median of the negative control stimulations).

In Vitro Immunogenicity

In vitro immunogenicity for acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer), ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer peptides was examined. For tested HLA class I peptides, in vitro immunogenicity could be demonstrated by generation of peptide specific T-cell lines. Exemplary flow cytometry results after TUMAP-specific multimer staining for two peptides of the invention are shown in FIGS. 2A-2P and 3A-3G together with corresponding negative controls. Results for 13 peptides from the invention are summarized in Table 10a and results for further 28 peptides from the invention are summarized in Table 10b.

TABLE 10a in vitro immunogenicity of HLA class I peptides of the invention Exemplary results of in vitro immunogenicity experiments conducted by the applicant for the peptides of the invention. <20% = +; 20%-49% = ++; 50%-69% = +++; >= 70% = ++++ Wells positive Seq ID No Sequence [%] 399 YVGKEHMFY + 400 NTDNNLAVY + 401 VWSNVTPLKF + 403 SADDIRGIQSLY + 404 FVDNQYWRY + 408 VWSDVTPLTF + 414 LTEGHSGNYY + 415 VWSDVTPLNF + 417 KLDRSVFTAY ++++ 420 VTDLEMPHY + 421 RSDPGGGGLAY + 427 LTDYINANY + 429 VSDSECLSRY ++

TABLE 10b in vitro immunogenicity of HLA class I peptides of the invention Exemplary results of in vitro immunogenicity experiments conducted by the applicant for the peptides of the invention. <20% = +; 20%-49% = ++; 50%-69% = +++; >= 70% = ++++ Wells positive SEQID Sequence [%]  10 VSERTGISY +  11 ASDHWRGRY +++  12 YTDFVGEGLY +  18 RSDPVSLRY ++  19 LTEGHSGNY +  24 NLDHYTNAY +  26 ASDDFRSKY ++  27 PSEVPVDSHY +  33 SMDPVTGYQY +  37 MTSTEQSLYY +  42 ASDVDTLLK +  53 YLEDRPLSQLY +  54 EVDIHTIHY +  60 MTEKFLFLY +  61 SSDIVALGGFLY ++  64 TSEISQNALMYY +  70 YTELVEEKY +  71 LTDSTTRTTY +  73 STDSASYY +  75 FTDYELKAY +  77 FTSDTGLEY +++  79 ASDLEPRELLSY +  81 YSDLHTPGRY +  82 LTEKSHIRY +  83 DTEFHGGLHY +  84 ESEMIKFASYY + 386 NSALNPLLY + 387 LMEKEDYHSLY +

Example 4

Synthesis of Peptides

All peptides were synthesized using standard and well-established solid phase peptide synthesis using the Fmoc-strategy. Identity and purity of each individual peptide have been determined by mass spectrometry and analytical RP-HPLC. The peptides were obtained as white to off-white lyophilizes (trifluoro acetate salt) in purities of >50%. All TUMAPs are preferably administered as trifluoro-acetate salts or acetate salts, other salt-forms are also possible.

Example 5

MHC Binding Assays

Candidate peptides for T cell based therapies according to the present invention were further tested for their MHC binding capacity (affinity). The individual peptide-MHC complexes were produced by UV-ligand exchange, where a UV-sensitive peptide is cleaved upon UV-irradiation and exchanged with the peptide of interest as analyzed. Only peptide candidates that can effectively bind and stabilize the peptide-receptive MHC molecules prevent dissociation of the MHC complexes. To determine the yield of the exchange reaction, an ELISA was performed based on the detection of the light chain (β2m) of stabilized MHC complexes. The assay was performed as generally described in Rodenko et al. (Rodenko et al., 2006)

96 well MAXISorp plates (NUNC) were coated over night with 2 ug/ml streptavidin in PBS at room temperature, washed 4× and blocked for 1 h at 37° C. in 2% BSA containing blocking buffer. Refolded HLA-A*02:01/MLA-001 monomers served as standards, covering the range of 15-500 ng/ml. Peptide-MHC monomers of the UV-exchange reaction were diluted 100-fold in blocking buffer. Samples were incubated for 1 h at 37° C., washed four times, incubated with 2 ug/ml HRP conjugated anti-β2m for 1 h at 37° C., washed again and detected with TMB solution that is stopped with NH₂SO₄. Absorption was measured at 450 nm. Candidate peptides that show a high exchange yield (preferably higher than 50%, most preferred higher than 75%) are generally preferred for a generation and production of antibodies or fragments thereof, and/or T cell receptors or fragments thereof, as they show sufficient avidity to the MHC molecules and prevent dissociation of the MHC complexes.

MHC:peptide binding results for 391 peptides from the invention are summarized in Table 11.

TABLE 11 MHC class I binding scores. Binding of HLA-class I restricted peptides to HLA-A*01:01 was ranged by peptide exchange yield: >10% = +; >20% = ++; >50 = +++; > 75% = ++++ SEQID Sequence Peptide exchange   1 TLDSTRTLY ++++   2 VDPIGHLY ++   3 FGTTPAAEYF ++   4 RIEAIRAEY ++   5 FMVIAGMPLFY +++   6 ARDPITFSF ++   7 ASDDVRIEVGLY ++++   8 TSRAANIPGY +   9 QLDSTLDSY +++  10 VSERTGISY +++  11 ASDHWRGRY +++  12 YTDFVGEGLY +++  13 NTHTGTRPY ++  14 QSEKEPGQQY +++  15 YLDSSKPAVY +++  16 NSDISIPEY +++  17 ASWAVLCYY +++  18 RSDPVSLRY ++++  19 LTEGHSGNY ++++  20 LSAQHRMLA ++  21 LSSAVNPIIY ++  22 VMDTLGLFY ++++  23 DTDPLKAAGL +  24 NLDHYTNAY +++  25 AMMQEAQLAY +++  26 ASDDFRSKY +++  27 PSEVPVDSHY ++++  28 PSEVPVDSHYY +++  29 TLEDLDNLYNY +++  30 VTTDKPRAY ++  31 VSDHLQAGMLGQY +++  32 GTDKQNSTLRY +++  33 SMDPVTGYQY +++  34 SSWSAGENDSY +++  35 SWSAGENDSYS +  36 MTSTEQSLY +++  37 MTSTEQSLYY +++  38 KSWSQSSSLMY +++  39 WSQSSSLMY ++++  40 TSDQLGYSY +++  41 HSDLLEDSKY +++  42 ASDVDTLLK +++  43 ETEPERHLGSY +++  44 IPSFNEMVY ++  45 NLDPNKIY +  46 RSDPGGGGLAYAAY ++++  47 WSDGVPLLY ++++  48 FTTQDELLVY +++  49 GSFSIQHTY ++  50 ITDEDEDMLSY +++  51 STEERRLNY +++  52 TTQDELLVY +++  53 YLEDRPLSQLY ++++  54 EVDIHTIHY +++  55 ATEGDVLNY +++  56 VTEYAEEIYQY +++  57 ASDPASSTSCY +++  58 YLENSASWY ++++  59 FTDSQGNDIK +++  60 MTEKFLFLY ++++  61 SSDIVALGGFLY +++  62 VSELVTTGHY +++  63 TSEISQNALMY ++++  64 TSEISQNALMYY +++  65 SSDFDPLVY ++++  67 NVDQNQNSY +++  68 QSLPEFGLTY ++  69 QSLPEFGLTYY ++  70 YTELVEEKY +++  71 LTDSTTRTTY +++  72 VTDSTTKIAY +++  73 STDSASYY ++++  74 EMEQQSQEY ++++  75 FTDYELKAY ++++  76 QTDVERIKDTY +++  77 FTSDTGLEY ++++  78 QLDSAVKNLY +++  79 ASDLEPRELLSY +++  80 ELCPLPGTSAY ++  81 YSDLHTPGRY +++  82 LTEKSHIRY +++  83 DTEFHGGLHY +++  84 ESEMIKFASYY ++++  85 SSDNYEHWLY ++++  86 VDPASNTY ++  87 AFDDIATYF ++  88 KEVDPAGHSYI ++  89 EVYDGREHSAY ++  90 YEDHFPLLF ++  92 TTDDTTAMASAS ++  93 HLKILSPIY +++  94 KPSAVKDSIY ++  95 SSDPKAVMF ++  97 FPAPPAHWFY ++  98 NFSDLVFTY ++  99 AADSNPSEL ++ 100 TTSSAISWILY +++ 101 SITDVDFIY ++ 102 STIRGELFF ++ 103 ITDTLIHLM +++ 104 ITDTLIHL ++ 105 VVFDKSDLAKY ++ 106 EVVEGKEWGSFY +++ 107 TTENSGNYY ++++ 108 NSNLKFLEV ++ 109 ISEDKSISF ++ 110 IGDKVDAVY ++ 111 TPIPFDKILY ++ 112 KASSVSAEDGY ++ 113 ASCRSSAEY ++++ 114 AVAAAAGASLY ++ 115 NEIDIHSIYFY ++ 116 RSDIGEFEW ++ 117 SPAKQFNIY +++ 118 LTWAHSAKY +++ 119 TVFDENLSRY ++ 120 LVDENQSWY +++ 121 SADEAHGLL ++ 122 ISEAPLTEV ++ 123 LLKAKDILY ++ 124 FLKVTGYDKDDY ++ 125 FQYELRELY ++++ 126 TTDPKKFQY ++++ 127 VPFNLITEY + 128 YTEFVDATFTK ++++ 129 STIDFRAGF ++ 130 YIGLKGLYF ++ 131 LEDGIEQSAY ++ 132 RTHIGYKVY +++ 133 ITDVGPGNY +++ 134 SAPSSSGSPLY ++ 135 TFDKQIVLL ++ 136 RRLNFSGFGY +++ 137 EAYLERIGY +++ 138 IPVHDSVGVTY +++ 139 PVHDSVGVTY ++ 140 SQHIFTVSY ++ 141 DAVAPGREY ++ 142 IEKFAVLY +++ 143 HVSGQMLYF ++ 144 RTIEGDFLW ++ 145 LSDAVHVEF +++ 146 LCATVCGTEQY ++ 147 AQVQDTGRY +++ 148 GTKQWVHARY + 149 PIMSSSQALY ++ 150 FTTLSDLQTNMA ++ 151 YEVDTKLLSL ++ 152 YLEDRPLSQ ++ 153 HSIEVFTHY ++ 154 SIEVFTHY +++ 155 HTMEVTVY +++ 156 STALSILLL ++ 157 GLIEVVTGY ++++ 158 EVTDRNMLAF +++ 159 RQAPGPARDY ++ 160 EVLGEEMYAY ++ 161 EAAPDIMHY ++ 162 IADNPQLSFY ++++ 163 KIRAEVLSHY ++ 164 KLAGTVFQY ++ 165 VSVYNSYPY ++ 166 YHRICELLSDY ++++ 167 RAVQPGETY +++ 168 VQPGETYTY +++ 169 TVDNANILL ++ 170 VQIAKGMNY +++ 171 ITDFGLAKL ++ 172 FSEPFHLIV +++ 173 QSTTGVSHY +++ 174 TSEVEGLAFVSY +++ 175 GLEYEAPKLY ++ 176 HTDLESPSAVY +++ 177 LVDGKWQEF ++ 178 TQRTSFQFY ++ 179 SSTDFTFASW + 180 AQISDTGRY ++ 181 SVTDLIGGKW ++ 182 TQPELSSRY ++ 183 LADTDLGMTF ++ 184 KTIQEVAGY ++ 185 NSDESADSEPHKY ++++ 186 AVSSGLFFY ++ 187 TQKSVQVLAY ++ 188 DIPDYLLQY +++ 189 FRGVFVHRY ++ 190 VSSTVHNLY ++++ 191 FTRAFDQLRM +++ 192 LAFYYGMY ++ 193 SQNGQLIHY +++ 194 CYTADNEMGY +++ 195 YTADNEMGYY +++ 196 RLAQYTIERY ++ 197 NDEIDKLTGY ++++ 198 KLTDYINANY ++ 199 LCAAVLAKY ++ 200 SLPEFGLTY ++ 201 SLPEFGLTYY ++ 202 QTDINGGSLK +++ 203 LSQDELSKF ++ 204 NVKEAPTEY ++ 205 RMQEGSEVY ++ 207 LLEGEDAHLTQY +++ 208 LLISKAEDY ++ 209 EADPFLKYL ++ 210 LLEADPFLKY ++++ 211 YLNEWGSRF ++ 212 MMTDLTSVY +++ 213 VSDSTTEITY +++ 214 VQDPSLPVY ++ 215 DTLEAATSLY ++ 216 NSMLDPLVY ++++ 217 LMDEGAVLTL ++ 218 FTAQLQLY +++ 219 KTELETALYY +++ 220 DVERIKDTY ++ 221 TDVERIKDTY +++ 222 GSPDAVVSY + 223 NAVDVVPSSF + 224 RTDEGDNRVW ++ 225 STDPNIVRK +++ 226 QITPKHNGLY ++ 227 ESAPKEVSRY ++ 228 KSFDDIAKY ++ 229 MTDVFIDY +++ 230 CVIETFHKY +++ 231 LLPLLVMAY ++ 232 RYLNIVHATQLY ++ 233 RINSATGQY ++ 234 YTDLTTIQV ++++ 235 SIEIDHTQY ++ 236 VLDSLLAQY ++++ 237 AQEAAVFLTLY +++ 238 ETDWGLLKGHTY ++++ 239 SSERGSPIEKY +++ 240 EVLDSLLAQY ++ 241 SLMVASLTY ++ 242 GTNLPTLLW + 243 LTSEDTGAY +++ 244 VTKYIAGPY ++ 245 LSDNAANRY +++ 246 ARLEGEIATY ++ 247 SMIRVGTNY ++ 248 VTDIDELGK +++ 249 GVGFTELEY +++ 250 GYVCNACGLY ++ 251 GIEMTYETY ++ 252 DTTSHTYLQY ++ 253 YLESHGLAY ++++ 254 FLFNDALLY ++++ 255 WELDSLEY ++ 256 HAFESNNFIY ++ 257 KSEMNVNMKY ++++ 258 RPSSVLTIY +++ 259 APDEVVALL ++ 260 KPTEDSANVY +++ 261 MTEGSTVNTEY ++++ 262 NVKHFLNDLY +++ 263 DCMDTEGSYM ++ 264 YRDPVFVSL ++ 265 LSDIDSRYI ++ 266 LTDSFLLRF ++++ 267 IVADDTVY +++ 268 AILHHLYFY + 269 LPSPAATIWDY +++ 270 DLKIDLAAQY ++ 271 VAEPPVVCSY ++ 272 IPQDECLRY +++ 273 CGPNEINHFY ++ 274 YADIHGDLL +++ 275 ESDEMENLLTY +++ 276 QITSFASGTSY +++ 277 LPAPGFLFY ++ 278 AATVKSDIY ++ 279 LMTVLLKY +++ 280 TTEMVSNESVDY ++++ 281 YPDLSELLM ++ 282 QAMPSWPTAAY ++ 283 ETILVSSSY ++ 284 TCSHTFVYY ++ 285 VLPHHSEGACVY +++ 286 ATDMEGNLNY +++ 287 ENSIEDLQY +++ 288 TEEKFVSY + 289 YTSHEDIGY ++++ 290 GQFTGTAGACRY ++ 291 TSDVTGSLTY ++++ 292 VLDFAPPGASAY ++++ 294 MMEMEGMY +++ 295 GQRLDEAMISY +++ 296 HMLAAMAY ++ 297 RLDEAMISY +++ 298 KFDVINHYF ++ 299 EVDSVALSL ++ 300 VSINPNSGDIY +++ 301 ESQTCASDY +++ 302 FYLSTPENYHY +++ 303 GFGGLSSQGVYY +++ 304 FSENLIYTYI ++ 305 YADLLIYTY ++++ 306 KSFETTVRY ++ 307 DTDDRELRY +++ 308 ELAAGQVVY + 309 EVDRNLIQY +++ 310 KAFQELGVRY ++ 311 TVTDGTHTDFY ++ 312 VTDGINPLI ++ 313 VTDGTHTDFY +++ 314 PPEANSLQGALY ++ 315 VLKIELETY +++ 316 YTCEECGQAF ++ 317 EDLLEVLDMY ++ 318 YMTSMALNY +++ 319 FTDPHIITF ++++ 320 QALQDKLQTFY ++ 321 DGIADASNLSYY ++ 322 FSELNPLALY ++++ 323 KTLQKPVLPLY ++ 324 RTGIFPYRF ++ 325 LQKPVLPLY ++ 326 STSRLTLFS ++ 327 IMLSVDQHLY +++ 328 LLDEDNNIKL ++ 329 NTDSMTLNNTAY ++++ 330 EGELSEGEHWY +++ 331 YLYQAPGSLALY ++++ 333 LSDPQAELQFY ++++ 334 PSSMPECLSY ++++ 335 PSSMPECLSYY +++ 336 ATNIQLNIDTY +++ 337 FTESNQYNIY ++++ 338 YSPDSFNVSW ++ 339 ESMDIFPLGW ++ 340 SVDSNLVAY +++ 341 PANYLGKMTY +++ 342 QTYMDGLLHY ++++ 343 YFGNYFTYY + 344 AVNALQSVY ++ 345 NTMDAVPRIDHY ++++ 346 VAGLEAGVLY ++ 347 SADHPGLTF ++ 348 DSTDGCLLSF ++ 349 HLLSVSLYY + 350 LTDPQVSYV +++ 351 VLDPMLDFY ++++ 352 YPVVVAESMY ++ 353 RLNGSVASY ++ 354 EIIRYIFAY ++ 355 MADRGEARL ++ 356 NSENHILKY ++++ 357 MSPDIALLYL +++ 358 YMSPDIALLY ++++ 359 NKEINYFMY +++ 360 RFDDINQEF + 361 FTAEEGQLY +++ 362 SGALDEAAAY ++ 363 LTDRDVSFY ++++ 364 DTGYLQLYY ++++ 365 FVDTKVPEH ++ 366 ITVDVRDEF + 367 LTDTGYLQLY ++++ 368 ESAATGQLDY +++ 369 AVMEAAFVY +++ 370 RLSTIRHLY +++ 371 WSDSTSQTIY ++++ 372 SRSDFEWVY ++ 373 FHADSDDESF + 375 ASSLDSLHY ++++ 376 EDDEDEDLY +++ 377 YADPSANRDLL ++ 378 TAKAPSTEY ++ 379 SLIIDDTEY ++ 380 VACGNNPVY +++ 381 ETSFSTSHY ++++ 382 YEPATMEQY ++ 383 PPDHAVGRTKY ++ 384 RFRSITQSYY + 385 SANALILTY ++ 386 NSALNPLLY ++++ 387 LMEKEDYHSLY +++ 388 YTAHVGYSMY ++++ 389 YYDLVESTF + 390 FSEPFHLIVSY ++++ 391 GSNPARYEF ++ 392 TQHFVQENY ++ 393 QVWGGQPVY + 394 QVPLDCVLY ++ 395 ILKGGSGTY ++ 396 LPDPNVQKY ++ 397 NSAINPLIY ++++ 398 YYYDTHTNTY +

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1. A peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 398, and variant sequences thereof which are at least 88% homologous to SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 398, and wherein said variant binds to molecule(s) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and/or induces T cells cross-reacting with said variant peptide; and a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein said peptide is not a full-length polypeptide.
 2. The peptide or variant according to claim 1, wherein said peptide or variant has the ability to bind to an MHC class-I or -II molecule, and wherein said peptide, when bound to said MHC, is capable of being recognized by CD4 and/or CD8 T cells.
 3. The peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence thereof comprises a continuous stretch of amino acids according to any one of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.
 398. 4. The peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, wherein said peptide or variant thereof has an overall length of from 8 to 100, optionally from 8 to 30, and more preferred from 8 to 16 amino acids, and most preferred wherein the peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.
 398. 5. A peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 398, and variant sequences thereof which are at least 88% homologous to SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 398, and wherein said variant binds to molecule(s) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and/or induces T cells cross-reacting with said variant peptide; and a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein said peptide is not a full-length polypeptide, wherein said peptide or variant is modified and/or includes non-peptide bonds.
 6. The peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, wherein said peptide is part of a fusion protein, optionally comprising N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (Ii).
 7. An antibody, optionally a soluble or membrane-bound antibody, optionally a monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, that specifically recognizes the peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, optionally the peptide or variant thereof that is bound to an MHC molecule.
 8. A T-cell receptor, optionally soluble or membrane-bound, or a fragment thereof, that is reactive with an HLA ligand, wherein said ligand is the peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, optionally the peptide or variant thereof that is bound to an MHC molecule.
 9. The T-cell receptor according to claim 8, wherein said ligand amino acid sequence is at least 88% identical to any one of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 398, or wherein said ligand amino acid sequence consists of any one of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.
 398. 10. The T-cell receptor according to claim 8, wherein said T-cell receptor is provided as a soluble molecule and optionally carries a further effector function optionally an immune stimulating domain or toxin.
 11. An aptamer that specifically recognizes the peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, optionally the peptide or variant thereof that is bound to an MHC molecule.
 12. A nucleic acid, encoding for a peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, an antibody or fragment thereof, a T-cell receptor or fragment thereof, optionally linked to a heterologous promoter sequence, or an expression vector expressing said nucleic acid.
 13. A recombinant host cell comprising the peptide or variant according to claim 1, an antibody or fragment thereof, a T-cell receptor or fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid or expression vector thereof, wherein said host cell optionally is selected from an antigen presenting cell, optionally a dendritic cell, a T cell or an NK cell.
 14. An in vitro method for producing activated T lymphocytes, the method comprising contacting in vitro T cells with antigen loaded human class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell or an artificial construct mimicking an antigen-presenting cell for a period of time sufficient to activate said T cells in an antigen specific manner, wherein said antigen is a peptide or variant according to claim
 1. 15. An activated T lymphocyte, produced by the method according to claim 14, that selectively recognizes a cell which presents a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 398, and variant sequences thereof which are at least 88% homologous to SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.
 398. 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of the peptide or variant according to claim 1, an antibody or fragment thereof, a T-cell receptor or fragment thereof, an aptamer thereof, a nucleic acid or the expression vector thereof, a host cell thereof, or an activated T lymphocyte thereof, or a conjugated or labelled active ingredient, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or stabilizers.
 17. A method for producing the peptide or variant thereof according to claim 1, an antibody or fragment thereof or a T-cell receptor or fragment thereof, the method comprising culturing a host cell, and isolating the peptide or variant thereof, the antibody or fragment thereof or the T cell receptor or fragment thereof from said host cell and/or its culture medium.
 18. The peptide or variant according to claim 1, an antibody or fragment thereof, a T-cell receptor or fragment thereof, an aptamer thereof, a nucleic acid or expression vector thereof, a host cell thereof, or an activated T lymphocyte thereof, for use in medicine.
 19. A method for killing target cells in a patient which target cells present a peptide or variant of claim 1, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective number of activated T cells that selectively recognize a cell which presents a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 398, and variant sequences thereof which are at least 88% homologous to SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.
 398. 20. A product comprising a peptide or variant according to claim 1, an antibody or fragment thereof, a T-cell receptor or fragment thereof, an aptamer thereof, a nucleic acid or expression vector thereof, a host cell thereof, or an activated T lymphocyte thereof, for use in diagnosis and/or treatment of cancer, or for use in the manufacture of a medicament against cancer.
 21. The product according to claim 20, wherein said cancer is selected from the group of AML, bile duct cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colon or rectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gallbladder cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, small cell lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer, uterine cancer and other tumors that show an overexpression of a protein from which a peptide SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 398 is derived from.
 22. A kit comprising: a) a container comprising a pharmaceutical composition containing the peptide(s) or the variant according to claim 1, an antibody or fragment thereof, a T-cell receptor or fragment thereof, an aptamer thereof, a nucleic acid or expression vector thereof, a host cell thereof, or an activated T lymphocyte thereof, in solution or in lyophilized form; b) optionally, a second container containing a diluent or reconstituting solution for the lyophilized formulation; c) optionally, at least one more peptides selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 432, and d) optionally, instructions for (i) use of the solution or (ii) reconstitution and/or use of the lyophilized formulation.
 23. The kit according to claim 22, further comprising one or more of (iii) a buffer, (iv) a diluent, (v) a filter, (vi) a needle, or (v) a syringe.
 24. A method for producing a personalized anti-cancer vaccine or a compound-based and/or cellular therapy for an individual patient, said method comprising: a) identifying tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs) presented by a tumor sample from said individual patient; b) comparing the peptides as identified in a) with a warehouse of peptides comprising a plurality of peptides selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 198 and variants thereof that have been pre-screened for immunogenicity and/or over-presentation in tumors as compared to normal tissues; c) selecting at least one peptide from the warehouse that matches a TUMAP identified in the patient; and d) manufacturing and/or formulating the personalized vaccine or compound-based or cellular therapy based on step c).
 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein said TUMAPs are identified by: a1) comparing expression data from the tumor sample to expression data from a sample of normal tissue corresponding to the tissue type of the tumor sample to identify proteins that are over-expressed or aberrantly expressed in the tumor sample; and a2) correlating the expression data with sequences of MHC ligands bound to MHC class I and/or class II molecules in the tumor sample to identify MHC ligands derived from proteins over-expressed or aberrantly expressed by the tumor.
 26. The method according to claim 24, wherein the sequences of MHC ligands are identified by eluting bound peptides from MHC molecules isolated from the tumor sample, and sequencing the eluted ligands.
 27. The method according to claim 24, wherein the normal tissue corresponding to the tissue type of the tumor sample is obtained from the same patient.
 28. The method according to claim 24, wherein the peptides included in the warehouse are identified based on the following steps: aa. Performing genome-wide messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression analysis by highly parallel methods, such as microarrays or sequencing-based expression profiling, comprising identify genes that over-expressed in a malignant tissue, compared with a normal tissue or tissues; ab. Selecting peptides encoded by selectively expressed or over-expressed genes as detected in step aa, and ac. Determining an induction of in vivo T-cell responses by the peptides as selected comprising in vitro immunogenicity assays using human T cells from healthy donors or said patient; or ba. Identifying HLA ligands from said tumor sample using mass spectrometry; bb. Performing genome-wide messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression analysis by highly parallel methods, such as microarrays or sequencing-based expression profiling, comprising identify genes that over-expressed in a malignant tissue, compared with a normal tissue or tissues; bc. Comparing the identified HLA ligands to said gene expression data; bd. Selecting peptides encoded by selectively expressed or over-expressed genes as detected in step bc; be. Re-detecting of selected TUMAPs from step bd on tumor tissue and lack of or infrequent detection on healthy tissues and confirming the relevance of over-expression at the mRNA level; and bf. Determining an induction of in vivo T-cell responses by the peptides as selected comprising in vitro immunogenicity assays using human T cells from healthy donors or said patient.
 29. The method according claim 24, wherein the immunogenicity of the peptides included in the warehouse is determined by a method comprising in vitro immunogenicity assays, patient immunomonitoring for individual HLA binding, MHC multimer staining, ELISPOT assays and/or intracellular cytokine staining.
 30. The method according to claim 24, wherein said warehouse comprises a plurality of peptides selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.
 432. 31. The method according to claim 24, further comprising identifying at least one mutation that is unique to the tumor sample relative to normal corresponding tissue from the individual patient, and selecting a peptide that correlates with the mutation for inclusion in the vaccine or for the generation of cellular therapies.
 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein said at least one mutation is identified by whole genome sequencing.
 33. A method of treating a patient who has cancer, comprising administering to said patient a composition comprising a population of activated T cells that kill cancer cells in the patient that express the peptide of claim 1, wherein said cancer is selected from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.
 34. A method of eliciting an immune response in a patient who has cancer, comprising administering to said patient a composition comprising a population of activated T cells that kill cancer cells in the patient that express the peptide of claim 1, wherein said cancer is selected from acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urinary bladder carcinoma, uterine and endometrial cancer.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the T cells are autologous to the patient.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the T cells are obtained from a healthy donor.
 37. The method of claim 33, wherein the T cells are derived from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
 38. The method of claim 33, wherein the activated T cells are produced by contacting T cells, in vitro, with an antigen presenting cell that expresses the peptide in a complex with an MHC class I molecule on the surface of the antigen presenting cell, for a period of time sufficient to activate said T cell.
 39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, further comprising an immunogenicity enhancing amount of an adjuvant. 